Basic HTML Version
Molecular Pathogens (online), 2011, Vol. 2
ISSN 1925-1998
http://mp.sophiapublisher.com
- 32 -
further purified culture. If no any colony appeared
purple, then extend the incubation time to 48 hours to
observe whether there is purple colonies appeared,
The tentative colonies of
Salmonella
were conducted
by the assay of Gram staining, Gram-negative bacteria
were considered as
Salmonella
.
3.4.3 Biochemical identification of
Salmonella
Salmonella
biochemical identification was carried out
by using biochemical identification kit. The colonies
on nutrient agar slant was inoculated in 1 mL of
nutrient broth to make as bacterial suspension for
incubation 4~6 h, and then took 70 μL of
the liquid of
enriched bacteria to inoculate in 10 reaction bottles of
biochemical identification kit (of which three are in
control), after incubating 18~24 hours at 37
℃
by
following guideline, all observation items except for
lysine decarboxylase reaction can be done, in addition
to lysine decarboxylase, the result of the reaction can
be observed. If there was no any reaction of lysine
decarboxylase observed in incubation of 18~24 h,
incubation will be extended 4 days and then re-observed.
3.4.4 Serological identification of
Salmonella
Positive
Salmonella
isolates identified by the
biochemical identification was inoculated to
Salmonella
chromogenic medium and then the purple
colonies were picked to steriled petri dishes on a clean
slide for agglutination test. The first agglutination test
was for OA-I serum agglutination, positive strains
then used for OA-F slide agglutination serum test,
Salmonella
strains were genotyped by comparing the
common
Salmonella
antigen.
Author contributions
LS is the executor of experimental research in this study, LS,
DL and XPP completed data analysis and manuscript
preparation; HTS and RPW are the persons who conceived the
project and took responsibility to make the experimental design,
data analysis, paper writing and revising. All authors have read
and agreed the final text.
Acknowledgments
The study was funded by the National Natural Science
Foundation of International Cooperation Project (NO:
30910103916). The authors thank to the two anonymous peer
reviewers for their critical comments and revising suggestion.
Regarding the reagent suppliers mentioned in this article in our
experiments, this is not to provide recommend or endorsement
for their products and services.
References
Ackman D.M., Drabkin P., Birkhead G., and Cieslak P., 1995, Reptile- associated
salmonellosis in New-York-State, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 14(11):
955-959 doi:10.1097/00006454- 199511000- 00006 PMid:8584361
Anonymous, 1999, Reptile-associated Salmonellosis - selected states, 1996-1998,
MorbidityAndMortalityWeekly Report, 48(44): 1009-1013 PMid:10577489
Brenner F.W., Villar R.G., AnguloF.J., Tauxe R., and Swaminathan B., 2000,
Salmonella
nomenclature, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38(7):
2465-2467 PMid:10878026 PMCid:86943
Cohen M.L., Potter M., Pollard R., Feldman R.A., 1980, Turtle-Associated
salmonellosis in the United States, JAMA, 243(12): 1247-1249 doi:
10.1001/jama.243.12.1247
Gaertner J.P., 2007, Detection of
Salmonella
in wild turtles and their aquatic habitats,
Thesis for M.S., Texas State University, Supervisor: Dittmar Hahn, pp.20-38
Gaertner J.P., Hahn D., Rose F.L., and Forstner M.R.J., 2008, Detection of
Salmonellae
in different turtle species within a headwater spring
ecosystem, Journal of Wildlife Diseases; 44(2): 519-526 PMid: 18436690
Geue L., and Loschner L., 2002,
Salmonella
enterica in reptiles of German
and Austrian origin, Vet. Microbiol., 84(1-2): 79-91 doi:10.1016/
S0378-1135(01)00437-0
Gopee N.V., Adesiyum A.A., and Caesar K., 2000, Retrospective and
longitudinal study of salmonellosis in captive wildlife in Trinidad, J.
Wildl. Dis., 36(2): 284-293 PMid:10813610
Keymer I.F., 1972, The unsuitability of nondomesticated animals as pets,
Vet. Rec., 91: 373-81 doi:10.1136/vr.91.16.373 PMid:4628930
McCoy R.H., and Seidler R.J., 1973, Potential pathogens in the environment:
isolation, enumeration, and identification of seven genera of intestinal
bacteria associated with small green pet turtles, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol., 25(4): 534-538
Mermin J., Hutwager L., Vugia D., Shallow S., Daily P., Bender J., Koehler
J., Marcus R., Angulo F.J., and for the Emerging Infections Program
FoodNet Working Groupa, 2004, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Human
Salmonella Infection: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study,
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(3): S253-S261 PMid:15095197
Mitchell L. Cohen, ,Morris Potter,Robert Pollard, 1980,Turtle-Associated
Salmonellosis in the United States. JAMA. 243(12):1247-1249
doi:10.1001/jama.243.12.1247
OIsen S.J., Bishop R., Brenner F.W., Roels T.H., Bean N., Tauxe R.V., and
Slutsker L., 2001, The Changing epidemiologr of
Salmonella
: trends in
serotypes isolated from humans in the United States, 1987-1997, the
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183: 753-761
Richards J.M., Brown J.D., Kelly T.R., Fountain A.L., and SleemanVet J.M.,
Dipl A.C., 2004, Absence of detectable
Salmonella
cloacal shedding in
free-living reptiles on admission to the wildlife center of Virginia,
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 35(4): 562-563 doi:
10.1638/03-070 PMid:15732603
Saelinger C.A., Lewbart G.A., Christian L.S., and Lemons C.L., 2006,
Prevalence of
Salmonella
spp. in cloacal, fecal, and gastrointestinal
mucosal samples from wild North American turtles, Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, 229(2): 266-268 doi:
10.2460/javma.229.2.266 PMid:16842051
Siebeling R. J., Caruso D., and Neuman S., 1984, Eradication of Salmonella
and Arizona species from turtle hatchlings produced from eggs treated
on commercial turtle farms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 47(4): 658-662
Vila H.J., Paniagua C.D., Escobar C.D.F., Martínez C.J., and Santigosa N.P.,
2007,
Salmonella
in free living terrestrial and aquatic turtles, Vet.
Microbiol., 119: 311-315 doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.012 PMid:16979850
Zhang Y., and Zhu C., 2002, Salmonella disease and serotype distribution in
China, Morden Preventive Medicine, 29(3): 400-401