Molecular Entomology, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 39-49 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 47 trend in the future. This means not only "what genetic variations there are", but also "how these variations are selected and manifested as traits in the ecological environment". In addition, multi-omics integration can also help to clarify the mechanism of complex adaptive traits. For example, drug resistance may involve multiple levels such as target mutations + detoxification enzymes + behavioral changes, which are not easy to fully reveal from a single perspective. By combining genomes, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, a causal chain from genes to phenotypes can be established (Zeng et al., 2023). 7.2 Precision agriculture and population prediction models The rise of precision agriculture provides new opportunities for monitoring and predicting herbivorous insect populations. Precision agriculture achieves real-time and quantitative management of farmland environment and organisms by integrating sensor technology, data analysis and automated equipment. In the field of pests, the concept of precision agriculture is to accurately predict pest population dynamics and outbreak risks based on environmental variables, pest genotypes and historical data, and formulate customized intervention measures (Mpisane et al., 2025). Specific directions include: real-time monitoring and big data analysis. Use the aforementioned advanced monitoring tools (such as wireless traps, remote sensing drones, and IoT sensors) to collect massive amounts of pest and environmental data, store them in cloud databases, and then find patterns through big data mining and machine learning models. The combination of precision agriculture and intelligent prediction models will push the management of herbivorous insects to a new level: from passive response to active early warning, from extensive prevention and control to customized solutions, and from average levels to differentiated management. 7.3 Biological regulation and ecological agricultural strategies In order to fundamentally reduce the harm caused by herbivorous insects, agriculture in the future needs to rely more on biological regulation and ecological agricultural strategies, that is, to enhance the resistance and resilience of crops to pests at the ecosystem level (Wyckhuys et al., 2024). Efforts in this regard include: habitat management. Through intentional planning of farmland and surrounding habitats, environmental conditions that are unfavorable to pests but favorable to natural enemies are created. Diversified planting is also one of the key strategies, including rotation, intercropping, interplanting and other methods. Crop rotation disrupts the continuous reproduction chain of pests, and intercropping and interplanting achieve the "repellent-attraction" effect through crop interactions. The construction of ecological compensation areas is a broader habitat management, that is, retaining a certain area of non-agricultural vegetation around farmland as a source of biodiversity. In addition, farming system innovation is also an ecological strategy. Cultivating crop diversity is also a long-term and effective strategy, including screening insect-resistant varieties for mixed planting or creating compound resistant varieties. At a broader level, maintaining the integrity of the regional ecosystem can play a role in source control of agricultural pests. 7.4 Risk assessment of adaptive evolution in the context of climate change Climate change has brought new uncertainties and risks to the adaptive evolution of herbivorous insects, and it is of great significance to conduct forward-looking risk assessments. On the one hand, warming may accelerate the adaptive process of some pests. For example, higher temperatures will increase the rate of mutation accumulation and generational alternation in pests, making them more susceptible to adaptive mutations to pesticides and resistant varieties. On the other hand, climate change may change the competitive landscape between different pest species, leading to a dynamic rebalance of species, which in turn affects the direction of adaptive evolution (Ziesche et al., 2024). For example, under warm winter conditions, the overwintering survival rate of local pests increases, while some migratory pests can reproduce locally without migrating far, which may intensify the resource competition between local species and immigrant species. In order to cope with the risks of adaptive evolution of pests under climate change, international cooperation needs to be strengthened. Climate change is global, and the risks of pest spread and evolution also cross national borders. For example, the possibility of the African fall armyworm entering southern Europe due to climate change has increased, which requires Europe and Africa to jointly monitor and share resistance management experience (Hamann et al., 2021).
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