Molecular Entomology, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 39-49 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 46 much attention. Spodoptera litura has extremely strong migration and reproduction capabilities, posing a threat to a variety of food crops such as corn, rice, and sorghum. The rapid adaptation of Spodoptera litura in GM crop systems is also reflected in its migration expansion and ecological habits. There is no history of planting Bt corn in the newly invaded areas of Asia and Africa, but Spodoptera litura still shows strong adaptability: populations have been established in various climate zones, and it can reproduce multiple generations a year and migrate long distances. Spodoptera litura has the potential to become a "super pest": flexible and diverse genomes, high behavioral plasticity, strong reproductive capacity, and outstanding ability to resist environmental and human pressures (Yang et al., 2022). 6.4 Planthoppers and rice farming systems The population dynamics and evolution of pesticide resistance of rice planthopper pests (such as brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera) in Asian rice farming systems is a typical example of the "pest-human" game that has lasted for decades (Figure 3) (Chen et al., 2023). These planthoppers are the main piercing-sucking pests in rice fields. They not only directly harm rice but also spread viral diseases. In the 1960s and 1970s, brown planthoppers once became a catastrophic pest due to the large-scale use of broad-spectrum pesticides. Afterwards, its damage was controlled through comprehensive measures such as variety resistance and pesticide management. However, in the 21st century, outbreaks have occurred frequently again, involving complex interactions between population ecology and the evolution of pesticide resistance. Planthopper population dynamics are closely related to rice cultivation systems and regional climate. In terms of chemical control, brown planthoppers have also evolved resistance to commonly used pesticides. This is related to the fact that many generations of planthoppers emerge, the hidden generations encounter fewer pesticides on weeds, and resistance genes are accumulated (Horgan, 2024). Figure 3 Genetic analysis of brown planthopper's adaptation mechanism to rice varieties and insecticide resistance (Adapted from Chen et al., 2023) 7 Future Research Directions and Implications for Agricultural Management 7.1 Multi-omics and evolutionary ecology integration research Future research on the evolutionary adaptation of herbivorous insects will increasingly rely on the integration of multi-omics technology and evolutionary ecology. On the one hand, "omics" methods such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics provide powerful tools for in-depth analysis of pest adaptability (McCulloch et al., 2023). On the other hand, combining omics data with evolutionary ecology theory is a major
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