Molecular Entomology, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 28-38 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 32 pesticides mainly involves detoxification metabolism, resistance behavior and population genetic structure. At the level of detoxification metabolism, bees have a complex detoxification enzyme system, including P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases and glutathione-S-transferases, etc., which are used to decompose foreign toxins. At the level of detoxification metabolism, bees have a complex detoxification enzyme system, including P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases and glutathione-S-transferases, etc., which are used to decompose foreign toxins. However, there are variations in the sequence of CYP9Q enzymes between different bee populations, which can affect the binding efficiency of the enzymes and pesticide molecules, thereby causing differences in tolerance. Tsvetkov et al. (2023) found that surviving bees often carry specific non-synonymous mutations in the CYP9Q1 and CYP9Q3 genes, which increase the enzyme's affinity and metabolic capacity for chlorothiazide, enabling bees to detoxify lethal doses of pesticides. Figure 1 Glyphosate induces immune dysregulation in honey bees (Adopted from Motta et al., 2022) Image caption: Ex vivo and in vivo experiments to investigate the effects of glyphosate and tylosin on melanization in honey bees. Ex vivo experiments were performed with 1-day old bees, 5-day old bees lacking or containing a normal microbiota, and hive bees; 2 μL of hemolymph were extracted from individual bees and used along with variable concentrations of glyphosate or tylosin (0, 0.1, 1, 2, 4, 7 or 10 mM) in melanization assays. In vivo experiments were performed with 5-day old bees lacking or containing a normal microbiota and hive bees previously exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate or tylosin (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mM) for 5 days. 2 μL or 5 μL of hemolymph were extracted from exposed bees and used in melanization assays; MD microbiota-defective, CV conventional microbiota (Adopted from Motta et al., 2022) In terms of behavior and physiology, bees may also evolve adaptive strategies to pesticide pressure. From a population perspective, the selective effect of pesticides on bees may lead to the death of a large number of sensitive individuals, thereby reducing the effective size and genetic diversity of the population, and even forming a population bottleneck of resistance. In a highly pesticide-applied environment, if only a few resistant individuals survive and reproduce, the gene pool of the offspring will be dominated by resistance alleles, showing a tendency towards genetic uniformity. However, this evolution of resistance usually takes a long time and intergenerational accumulation. In species with a long lifespan and relatively low reproduction rate such as bees, the speed of population evolution to pesticide resistance is limited. When pesticide pressure is too strong, the evolutionary response often cannot keep up with the rate of population decline. 4.2 Monoculture system and evolutionary adaptation of bee foraging strategy Monoculture system significantly changes the foraging environment of bees, which may drive evolutionary adjustments in their foraging behavior and strategy. In a natural environment with high diversity, bees have developed flexible foraging patterns: worker bees communicate the location of multiple flower sources through "dance language" and can selectively collect pollen from different plants with complementary nutrition to meet the comprehensive nutritional needs of the bee colony (Branchiccela et al., 2019). The highly pulsed and homogenized environment of resources poses new challenges to the foraging strategy of bees and may also trigger
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