Molecular Entomology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 170-178 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 174 content and defense reactions (Krieger et al., 2023). Similarly, the Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) has been found to enhance the fitness of its vector, the melon aphid (Aphis gossypii), by increasing the concentrations of essential amino acids and soluble carbohydrates in the host plant. This results in increased aphid arrestment and long-term feeding on PRSV-infected plants, thereby promoting virus transmission (Gadhave et al., 2019). Additionally, the interaction between plant viruses and aphid vectors often involves mutualistic relationships where both the virus and the vector benefit from the interaction. Viral and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, manipulating host physiology to facilitate successful colonization and transmission (Ray and Casteel, 2022). 5 Case Study 5.1 Specific case of aphid-mediated virus transmission in crop plants Aphids are notorious vectors of plant viruses, significantly impacting crop production worldwide. One notable example is the transmission of the Turnip Yellows Virus (TuYV) by aphids in Arabidopsis thaliana. This virus is transmitted in a circulative and non-propagative manner, meaning the virus circulates within the aphid but does not replicate within it. Research has shown that TuYV infection can alleviate the gene deregulations induced by aphid infestation, thereby promoting virus transmission. The virus alters the plant's metabolic composition, making it more conducive for aphid feeding and increasing transmission efficiency (Figure 2) (Krieger et al., 2023). Another significant case involves the transmission of Potato Virus Y (PVY) by the cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis). This aphid species has been shown to efficiently transmit PVY to both hemp and potato plants, with varying transmission rates depending on the host plant (Pitt et al., 2022). Figure 2 Experimental set-up for the high-throughput transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses (Adopted from Krieger et al., 2023) Image caption: Arabidopsis plants were inoculated with Turnip Yellows Virus (TuYV)-viruliferous (upper panel) or nonviruliferous (lower panel) Myzus persicaeaphids. After 3 weeks, the two batches of plants were infested with 30 nonviruliferous aphids for 6 or 72 h before harvesting (samples 3 to 4 and 5 to 6, respectively). Plants that were not infested with aphids were similarly processed (samples 1 and 2) (Adopted from Krieger et al., 2023) 5.2 Analysis of virus spread dynamics in a real-world scenario The dynamics of virus spread in real-world agricultural settings are complex and influenced by multiple factors, including aphid behavior, plant-virus interactions, and environmental conditions. For instance, the spread of non-persistent viruses like PVY is heavily influenced by the feeding behavior of aphids. Studies using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique have shown that viruliferous aphids (those carrying the virus)
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