Molecular Entomology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 170-178 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 173 Figure 1 Schematic diagram explaining the interactions between plant viruses and their vectors with respect to different transmission modes viz., non-persistent, semi-persistent, persistent non-propagative, and persistent-propagative (Adopted from Catto et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Non-persistent viruses, such as Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), are acquired by aphids from the epidermal cells of infected plants and retained at the tip of its stylet (acrostyle) at the distal end of the common (food/salivary) duct. (B) Semi-persistent viruses, such as Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV), are phloem-limited in infected plants, and the virus attaches to the binding site at the vector’s foregut with the help of the minor Capsid Protein (CPm). (C) Persistent non-propagative viruses, such as Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), are also phloem-limited and are retained in the midgut upon acquisition. Through receptor-mediated endocytosis, the virus traverses the midgut barrier into hemolymph where the endosymbiont protein GroEL interacts with the virion. The virus from the hemolymph reaches primary salivary glands mediated again via species-specific receptors. (D) Thrips acquire persistent propagative viruses, such as Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), from epidermal cells of infected plants. Gn/Gc protein supports virus entry into midgut cells, where replication of the virus occurs. The virus TSWV enters Primary Salivary Glands (PSG) from MG1 through Tubular Salivary Glands (TSG) (Adopted from Catto et al., 2022) 4.2 Aphid genomic and transcriptomic insights into virus transmission Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have revealed significant insights into the molecular interactions between aphids and plant viruses. For example, transcriptome profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa plants infected with Turnip Yellows Virus (TuYV) or CaMV and infested with Myzus persicae aphids has shown virusand host-specific differences in gene expression patterns. These differences are linked to the mode of virus transmission and the severity of symptoms, which in turn affect aphid behavior and fecundity (Chesnais et al., 2022). Furthermore, a review of transcriptional responses in various insect vectors, including aphids, has cataloged differential gene expression related to virus reception, cell entry, tissue tropism, and vector immune responses. This understanding can aid in identifying candidate genes for targeted management approaches using RNAi or CRISPR editing (Catto et al., 2022). 4.3 Virus-induced alterations in aphid behavior and physiology Plant viruses can induce significant alterations in aphid behavior and physiology to enhance their transmission. For instance, the Turnip Yellows Virus (TuYV) has been shown to alter the metabolic composition of infected plants, which in turn benefits the aphid vector and increases virus transmission efficiency. The virus infection alleviates gene deregulations induced by aphids in non-infected plants, leading to changes in the plant's nutritive
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