Molecular Entomology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 170-178 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 172 3 Host Interaction and Virus Acquisition 3.1 Aphid feeding behavior and stylet penetration Aphid feeding behavior and stylet penetration are critical for the transmission of plant viruses. The Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique has been utilized to study the feeding behavior of aphids, revealing that virus infection can alter aphid feeding patterns. For instance, cannabis aphids (Phorodon cannabis) demonstrated different feeding behaviors on hemp and potato, which influenced the transmission efficiency of Potato Virus Y (PVY) (Pitt et al., 2022). Additionally, the presence of insect-specific viruses, such as Aphis citricidus Picorna Virus (AcPV), can affect the stylet penetration activity of aphids, thereby facilitating virus transmission (An et al., 2023). These findings highlight the complex interactions between aphids, their feeding behavior, and virus transmission. 3.2 Virus-vector interactions at the cellular level At the cellular level, virus-vector interactions involve intricate mechanisms that facilitate virus acquisition and transmission (Figure 1) (Catto et al., 2022). Plant viruses can manipulate host plant physiology to enhance their transmission by vectors. For example, the Turnip Yellows Virus (TuYV) alters the metabolic composition of infected plants, which benefits both the aphid vector and the virus transmission (Krieger et al., 2023). Furthermore, the presence of endosymbionts like Buchnera aphidicola in aphids can modulate virus transmission by affecting the volatile profile of host plants, leading to changes in aphid feeding preferences (Shi et al., 2021). These cellular-level interactions underscore the co-evolutionary dynamics between plant viruses, aphids, and host plants. 3.3 Host plant responses to aphid-virus infections Host plants exhibit various responses to aphid-virus infections, which can influence virus transmission. Transcriptome profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa infected with different viruses revealed virus- and host-specific gene expression changes that impact aphid behavior and virus transmission (Chesnais et al., 2022). Additionally, the presence of plant lectins can reduce virus transmission by interfering with the virus-aphid interaction. For instance, feeding aphids with Pisum Sativum Lectin (PSL) significantly reduced the transmission efficiency of barley yellow dwarf virus and potato virus Y (Francis et al., 2020). These host plant responses play a crucial role in the overall dynamics of aphid-virus interactions. 3.4 Evolutionary adaptations of aphids in virus transmission Aphids have evolved various adaptations to enhance their efficiency as virus vectors. These adaptations include changes in feeding behavior, stylet penetration, and interactions with host plants and endosymbionts. For example, the melon aphid (Aphis gossypii) shows increased performance and arrestment on Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)-infected plants due to enhanced nutrient profiles, which in turn promotes virus transmission (Gadhave et al., 2020). Additionally, the co-evolution of aphids and plant viruses has led to the development of mutualistic interactions, where both the virus and the vector benefit from the interaction (Ray and Casteel, 2022). These evolutionary adaptations highlight the complex and dynamic nature of aphid-virus interactions. 4 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Virus Transmission 4.1 Role of viral proteins in facilitating aphid-mediated transmission Viral proteins play a crucial role in facilitating the transmission of plant viruses by aphids. For instance, the interaction between viral proteins and aphid proteins is essential for the efficient transmission of viruses like the Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV). Studies have identified several aphid proteins that interact with PLRV, including an orthologue of the human innate immunity protein complement Component 1 Q Subcomponent-Binding Protein (C1QBP). This protein partially co-localizes with PLRV in the cytoplasmic puncta and along the periphery of aphid gut epithelial cells, indicating its role in the acquisition and transmission efficiency of PLRV by Myzus persicae (DeBlasio et al., 2021). Additionally, the identification of cuticular proteins such as Stylin-01 in aphid mouthparts has provided insights into the mechanisms of noncirculative virus transmission. Stylin-01 has been shown to be involved in the transmission of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) by binding to the virus in the acrostyle of aphid stylets (Webster et al., 2018).
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