Molecular Entomology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 192-199 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 196 6 Case Studies in Action 6.1 RNAi technology in Sub-Saharan Africa RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a promising tool for pest management, particularly in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa where traditional pest control methods face challenges. The genetic insights into Sitophilus oryzae, such as the identification of resistance mechanisms to phosphine and deltamethrin, provide a foundation for developing RNAi-based strategies (Machuca-Mesa et al., 2024). For instance, targeting specific genes responsible for resistance, like the Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (DLD) gene linked to phosphine resistance, could enhance the effectiveness of RNAi interventions (Figure 2) (Selvapandian et al., 2023). This approach could potentially reduce reliance on chemical fumigants and mitigate resistance development in pest populations. Figure 2 Docked complex of phosphine into susceptible DLD protein (Adopted from Selvapandian et al., 2023) Image caption: A) Full structural view of the docked complex. DLD protein is represented as a ribbon model, FAD as ball, and stick model with heteroatom coloring (oxygen in red, nitrogen in blue, hydrogen in white, ferrous in orange, and carbon in gold) and phosphine as a stick model. B) Interaction view of the docked complex. Interacting amino acid is represented as stick model with backbone carbon atoms in light gray. C) Surface view of binding pocket with FAD and phosphine molecules (Adopted from Selvapandian et al., 2023) 6.2 Genetically resistant rice varieties in South Asia In South Asia, the development of genetically resistant rice varieties has been a key strategy in managing Sitophilus oryzae infestations (Nguyen et al., 2019). Research has shown that certain rice genotypes exhibit varying levels of resistance to pest infestations, which can be attributed to their genetic makeup (Ajao et al., 2020). For example, interspecific rice genotypes derived from Oryza sativa and Oryza barthii have demonstrated resistance to both Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica, highlighting the potential of breeding programs to enhance pest resistance. These efforts are crucial in regions where pest pressure is high and chemical control options are limited. 6.3 Regional collaboration in Southeast Asia Regional collaboration in Southeast Asia has been instrumental in addressing the challenges posed by Sitophilus oryzae. Countries like China and Vietnam have reported high levels of phosphine resistance, necessitating a coordinated approach to pest management (Nguyen et al., 2016). The conservation of genetic resistance mechanisms across different strains of S. oryzae in these countries underscores the importance of sharing knowledge and resources to develop effective management strategies. Collaborative efforts can facilitate the exchange of resistant rice varieties and integrated pest management practices, ultimately enhancing food security in the region. 7 Global Policy and Collaboration in Pest Management 7.1 International collaboration for pest genomics research International collaboration is crucial in advancing pest genomics research, particularly for pests like Sitophilus oryzae, which have significant impacts on global agriculture. Collaborative efforts can facilitate the sharing of genomic data and resources, which are essential for understanding the genetic makeup and resistance mechanisms
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