Molecular Entomology 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 8-17 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/me 13 copyright notices can protect the interests of data providers to a certain extent and promote the construction of a healthy sharing ecology for scientific data. Data sharing and privacy protection is also an issue that needs to be emphasized in insect GWAS research. Through the formulation of reasonable policies and the application of technical means, the value of data sharing can be maximized, while protecting the interests of all parties involved in the research, and promoting the healthy development of entomological research and related application fields. 4 Research Case Studies 4.1 Insect resistance to agricultural pest pathogens The research team of Leeuwen et al. (2020) in 2020 carried out the interpretation of saliency and molecular diagnostics in the management of resistance to agricultural pests in the current agriculture, where insecticide options against agricultural pests are diminishing due to environmental and health concerns, and insecticide-resistant pests are becoming increasingly difficult to control. Rational decisions on insecticide use are needed to ensure effective resistance management. However, monitoring programs that can inform about pest susceptibility and resistance are currently not widely available in agriculture. Sparks et al. (2020) team used insecticides, biological agents, and nematicides: an update of the IRAC classification of modes of action-tools for resistance management. Insecticide resistance is an important issue and the IRAC mode of action classification update provides the latest information for implementing effective resistance management strategies. Pests and pathogens are common problems in agricultural production and they pose a significant threat to crop growth and yield. However, some insect populations exhibit resistance to these pest pathogens, which provides an important biological control method for agricultural production. By studying and analyzing these resistant insect populations, the principles of their resistance mechanisms can be revealed, thus providing a theoretical basis for the development of more effective control strategies. 4.2 Role of rare genetic variation in insect resistance The team of Nam et al. (2019) tested whether copy number variation was responsible for increased levels of insect resistance in two populations of fall stickleback (Spodoptera frugiperda) in different geographic locations and different host plants. Mckenzie (2000) conducted experiments on the nature or variation of resistance and genetic analysis of insecticide resistance phenotypes in insects, and discussed the genetic basis of resistance evolution as dependent on the manner in which phenotypes and their underlying genotypic variation are directed during selection responses. A polygenic response is favored if selection acts within the distribution of susceptible phenotypes, and a monogenic response is predicted if selection screens for rare mutations whose phenotypes lie outside that susceptibility distribution. Insect populations are rich in genetic variation, some of which may be closely associated with their resistance phenotypes. Rare genetic variation, an important form of genetic variation, plays an important role in insect resistance. Through the study of these rare genetic variants, a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of insect resistance and its evolutionary mechanism can be achieved. 4.3 Utilizing GWAS results to improve resistance strategies Chen et al. (2021) conducted cotton disease and insect resistance: this study identified loci significantly associated with yellow wilt resistance by GWAS and found that two non-specific lipid transfer protein genes (GhnsLTPsA10) were highly expressed under yellow wilt pathogen stress. The expression of these genes was significantly increased in roots against the yellow wilt pathogen, but significantly decreased in leaves under insect attack. Siddiqui et al. (2023) conducted Resistance mechanisms and control strategies: this study discussed resistance mechanisms in invasive species including behavioral, biochemical, physiological, genetic and metabolic
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