Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 226-236 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 231 Figure 2 Exploring drivers of mosquito population dynamics using multinomial logistic regression (Adopted from Whittaker et al., 2022) Image caption: (a) Hierarchical clustering of the regression results for each species complex, as defined by the set of coefficient values describing the strength of the association between that species complex and the particular cluster. (b) The strength of the association between each of the 25 environmental covariates used and the relevant temporal cluster. (c) Upset plot summarizing the top 15 environmental variable coefficients associated with each cluster. The x-axis indicates the specific pairwise cluster comparison, y-axis the number of shared top 15 covariates between the two clusters (Adopted from Whittaker et al., 2022) Whittaker et al. (2022) explores mosquito population dynamics by modeling the associations between species complexes and environmental factors using multinomial logistic regression. It highlights distinct temporal patterns among mosquito species, with some species aligning more with seasonal peaks (e.g., monsoon-driven dynamics) while others exhibit perennial trends. Environmental variables, such as temperature, rainfall, and land cover, significantly influence these temporal clusters, suggesting that mosquito population trends are shaped by a combination of abiotic and biotic factors. The study's findings underscore the variability in mosquito species' responses to ecological conditions, emphasizing the importance of incorporating diverse environmental drivers into vector control strategies to effectively address the complex nature of mosquito ecology and mitigate the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. 6 Current Strategies for Monitoring Mosquito Populations 6.1 Traditional monitoring techniques Traditional methods for monitoring mosquito populations primarily include trapping and larval surveys. Trapping methods, such as Pyrethroid Spray Catches (PSC) and Human Landing Catches (HLC), are widely used to collect adult mosquitoes. These methods help in identifying mosquito species and understanding their seasonal dynamics and behavior (Epopa et al., 2019; 2020). Larval surveys, which involve manual collection techniques like 'dipping' for larvae, are essential for assessing breeding site abundance and mosquito population composition (Odero et al., 2018; Boerlijst et al., 2019). These traditional techniques, while effective, are labor-intensive and require significant taxonomic expertise (Boerlijst et al., 2019). 6.2 Advances in molecular and remote-sensing tools Recent advancements in molecular and remote-sensing tools have significantly enhanced mosquito monitoring capabilities. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has emerged as a reliable method for detecting and quantifying mosquito larvae in various aquatic habitats. This technique allows for the identification of mosquito species at early developmental stages, which are often difficult to distinguish morphologically (Odero et al., 2018).
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