Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 226-236 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 230 fluctuations can significantly impact mosquito abundance. In Kenya, periods of abnormal rainfall were found to increase mosquito populations, suggesting that climate variability can lead to more frequent and intense breeding seasons (Nosrat et al., 2021). These shifts in breeding patterns are critical for understanding and predicting mosquito population dynamics and the associated risks of disease transmission. 4.3 Implications for disease transmission cycles The expansion of mosquito populations and shifts in breeding seasons due to climate change have profound implications for disease transmission cycles. Increased mosquito abundance and extended transmission seasons enhance the potential for outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. For instance, the predicted increase in the population at risk of malaria and dengue due to climate change highlights the potential for more widespread and severe outbreaks (Colón-González et al., 2021). Additionally, the adaptation of mosquitoes to higher temperatures can influence the dynamics of disease transmission. In Northern Brazil, the thermal adaptation of Aedes aegypti was shown to affect the transmission of dengue virus, indicating that climate adaptation can alter disease dynamics (Couper et al., 2021). Moreover, the interaction between local and global climate drivers, such as temperature and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, plays a crucial role in the seasonality and interannual variability of mosquito-borne disease incidence, further complicating the prediction and management of these diseases (Cazelles et al., 2023). 5 Case Study 5.1 Case study location and species focus The case study focuses on Hainan Island, China, where the mosquito population dynamics and seasonal distribution were analyzed. The primary species of interest include Culex quinquefasciatus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Anopheles sinensis, which were the most prevalent species collected using different trapping methods (Li et al., 2020). 5.2 Data collection approaches and period Data collection was conducted from January to December 2018 across five different ecological settings on Hainan Island. The methods used included BG Sentinel (BGS) traps and Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) light traps. Each site included urban, suburban, and rural areas, with 18 trap-days sampled in each setting. Both BGS and CDC traps were set up simultaneously to capture a comprehensive dataset of mosquito species composition, distribution, and population dynamics (Li et al., 2020). 5.3 Analysis of population dynamics and seasonal distribution in the case study area The analysis revealed that nine mosquito species belonging to four genera were identified. The population dynamics showed clear seasonal variations, with different peak seasons for various species. For instance, Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species, showing significant seasonal peaks. The study also highlighted spatial heterogeneity, with mosquito abundance varying significantly among different study sites and between urban, suburban, and rural areas. Danzhou had the highest mosquito biodiversity, indicating a strong influence of the natural environment on mosquito population dynamics (Li et al., 2020). 5.4 Comparison with other regions or species Comparing the findings from Hainan Island with other regions, similar studies have shown that mosquito population dynamics and seasonal distribution are influenced by various environmental factors. For example, in mainland India, a novel statistical framework revealed pronounced variation in mosquito dynamics across different locations and species, driven by factors such as rainfall, temperature, and land use patterns (Figure 2) (Whittaker et al., 2022). In Switzerland, mosquito abundances and seasonality were also found to be site-dependent, with higher abundances in natural zones compared to suburban areas (Wagner et al., 2018). Additionally, in Procida Island, Italy, the seasonal distribution of Aedes albopictus was studied, showing high population densities from April to October, influenced by both urban and sylvatic environments (Caputo et al., 2021). These comparisons underscore the importance of local environmental conditions in shaping mosquito population dynamics and highlight the need for region-specific mosquito control strategies.
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