Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 226-236 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 229 mosquito abundance peaked during the rainy season, with significant variations in species composition between villages (Epopa et al., 2019). In Switzerland, mosquito populations were found to be more abundant in natural zones compared to suburban areas, with species like Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens/torrentium showing season-dependent abundances (Wagner et al., 2018). 3.2 Effects of climate and weather variability on mosquito abundance Climate and weather variability play crucial roles in determining mosquito abundance. In Estonia, higher temperatures and wind speeds were negatively correlated with mosquito numbers, while springtime hydrological conditions greatly influenced the mosquito season (Kirik et al., 2021). In St. Kitts, the extent to which monthly average precipitation influenced mosquito counts varied according to species, with some species being less responsive to seasonal variation in precipitation (Valentine et al., 2020). In Burkina Faso, mosquito abundance and malaria transmission dynamics were closely linked to seasonal rainfall variations, with the highest mosquito abundances occurring during the rainy season (Epopa et al., 2019). In the UK, a study on Culex pipiens highlighted that density-independent mortality and interspecific predation, along with temperature-dependent larval mortality, were key factors shaping seasonal abundance patterns (Ewing et al., 2019). Additionally, in the Republic of Korea, specific temperature ranges were identified for the peak abundance of various mosquito species, emphasizing the importance of temperature in mosquito population dynamics (Hwang et al., 2020). 3.3 Seasonal changes in mosquito species composition Seasonal changes in mosquito species composition are evident across different regions. In Estonia, while Culex pipiens/Culex torrentiumremained the most abundant throughout the study period, other dominant species varied considerably between months and years (Kirik et al., 2021). In St. Kitts, the relative abundance of species such as Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus varied with season and land cover, with mangroves yielding the most mosquitoes (Valentine et al., 2020). In Burkina Faso, the principal malaria vectors were in the Anopheles gambiae complex, with species composition varying between villages and peaking during the rainy season (Epopa et al., 2019). In São Paulo, Brazil, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus showed significant seasonal variation, with Ae. albopictus being more abundant in spring compared to autumn, and their distribution being influenced by temperature and rainfall (Heinisch et al., 2019). In the Arctic, Aedes nigripes exhibited spatial and temporal patterns in abundance, with daily variation in mosquito captures primarily explained by weather conditions (DeSiervo et al., 2022). 4 Impacts of Climate Change on Mosquito Populations 4.1 Influence of global warming on mosquito range expansion Global warming significantly influences the geographic range of mosquito populations, leading to the expansion of mosquito-borne diseases into new areas. For instance, rising global temperatures are predicted to increase the climatic suitability for malaria and dengue, particularly in tropical highlands and lowlands, respectively. This expansion is expected to affect temperate regions where populations may be immunologically naive and public health systems unprepared (Colón-González et al., 2021). Additionally, the potential for adaptive evolution in mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, suggests that these species may persist and thrive under changing climatic conditions, further facilitating their range expansion (Couper et al., 2021). Studies have also shown that climate change will likely lead to the northward expansion of mosquito species like Culex pipiens pallens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in China, increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases in these newly affected areas (Liu et al., 2020). 4.2 Shifts in breeding season timing and duration Climate change, particularly global warming, alters the timing and duration of mosquito breeding seasons. Warmer temperatures can extend the breeding season, increasing the number of generations per year and thus the overall mosquito population. For example, the length of the transmission season for malaria and dengue is projected to increase by several months in various regions, including tropical highlands and lowlands (Colón-González et al., 2021). Furthermore, extreme climate events such as abnormal rainfall and temperature
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