Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 226-236 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 228 Figure 1 Laboratory work with field derived mosquitoes can be conducted to estimate the effect of multiple environmental variables on mosquito fitness, population dynamics and pathogen transmission (Adopted from Brown et al., 2023) Image caption: For example, mosquitoes could be housed across a range of constant temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) conditions that are reflective of monthly field conditions. From these experiments, one can estimate the effects of variation in these environmental variables on key larval traits (a: mosquito development rate (MDR) and the probability of egg to adult survival (pEA)), adult traits (b: per capita mortality rate (μ), per capita eggs laid per day (EFD) and per capita daily biting rate (a)) and parasite / pathogen traits (c: vector competence (bc) and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP)). (d) Bayesian hierarchical models can be used to develop Tand RHresponse surfaces for each trait, which can either be incorporated in process-based modelling approaches to infer effects on seasonal and interannual variation in vector-borne pathogen transmission dynamics. (e) Bayesian models can also be used to generate a T and RHdependent, relative R0 model that can be used to predict environmental suitability for pathogen transmission at various spatial scales. A crucial detail for modelling approaches, based on the evidence presented in Box 2, is that the effects of T andRHwill be interactive, not additive (Adopted from Brown et al., 2023) 3 Seasonal Distribution of Mosquito Species 3.1 Overview of seasonal patterns across different geographic regions Mosquito populations exhibit distinct seasonal patterns that vary significantly across different geographic regions. In Northern Europe, for instance, a study conducted in Estonia found that mosquito abundance decreased with higher temperatures and wind speeds, with the Culex pipiens/Culex torrentiumgroup being consistently abundant towards the end of the warm season (Kirik et al., 2021). In contrast, in the West Indies, mosquito species such as Aedes aegypti andCulex quinquefasciatus showed high seasonality in their abundances, with variations influenced by land cover and precipitation (Valentine et al., 2020). Similarly, in the Sudano-Sahelian belt of Burkina Faso,
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