Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 264-275 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 273 effective during vaccine shortages, and next-generation formulations like DNA and RNA-based vaccines are being developed to address these concerns. Notably, fractional dosing strategies have been instrumental in managing vaccine shortages, as seen during the 2016 outbreaks in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Studies have demonstrated that these smaller doses can maintain adequate immune responses, making fractional dosing a viable solution when vaccine supplies are limited. The insights from these studies carry important implications for public health policy. One of the primary considerations is the need for policy adjustments that facilitate the recognition and use of fractional dosing during emergencies, which could greatly improve the speed and effectiveness of responses to yellow fever outbreaks. Furthermore, integrating vaccination campaigns with robust vector control measures has proven to be an effective strategy in containing outbreaks. This approach, emphasized in the World Health Organization's EYE (Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics) strategy, demonstrates the importance of combining vaccination with other interventions like enhanced surveillance and mosquito control. Additionally, addressing vaccine hesitancy through targeted community engagement is crucial for increasing vaccination coverage. Public education campaigns that clearly communicate the benefits and safety of vaccination can help build trust, particularly in communities with low trust in health systems . Moving forward, several areas of research are critical to improving yellow fever control strategies. One priority is understanding the long-term efficacy of fractional doses. While short-term studies suggest that fractional doses maintain protective immunity, more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness over several years, especially in diverse populations. Additionally, advancing next-generation vaccines, such as mRNA-based platforms, could offer safer and more scalable options for both routine immunization and emergency responses. Moreover, further studies are needed to develop effective strategies for community engagement to address vaccine hesitancy, ensuring that vaccination efforts reach all at-risk populations and achieve the intended public health impact. In conclusion, while significant progress has been made in controlling yellow fever through vaccination, ongoing innovation and strategic planning are essential to address existing challenges. By focusing on improving vaccine accessibility, safety, and public acceptance, and by integrating vaccination with other control measures, the global community can better manage and eventually eliminate yellow fever epidemics. Acknowledgments I am grateful to anonymous reviewers for critically reading the manuscript and providing valuable feedback that improved the clarity of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adogo L., and Ogoh M., 2019, Yellow fever in Nigeria: a review of the current situation, African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 21(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i1.1 Ahuka-Mundeke S., Casey R.M., Harris J.B., Dixon M.G., Nsele P.M., Kizito G.M., Staples J.E, 2018, Immunogenicity of fractional-dose vaccine during a yellow fever outbreak-preliminary report, The New England Journal of Medicine, 36: 4112-4117. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1710430 Alvim R., Lima T., Silva J.L., and de Oliveira G.A.P., 2021, Process intensification for the production of yellow fever virus-like particles as potential recombinant vaccine antigen, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 118: 3581-3592. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27864 Bassi M.R., Larsen M.A.B., Kongsgaard M., Rasmussen M., Buus S., Stryhn A., Thomsen A., and Christensen J.P., 2016, Vaccination with replication-deficient adenovectors encoding YF-17D antigens induces long-lasting protection from severe yellow fever virus infection in mice, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(2): e0004464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004464
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