Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 264-275 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 268 Additionally, global vaccination strategies like the World Health Organization's Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) strategy aim to close these gaps by focusing on high-risk populations and improving vaccine accessibility. This strategy involves coordinated efforts to stockpile vaccines, increase the number of trained healthcare workers, and implement robust surveillance systems to quickly detect and respond to outbreaks (Mokaya et al., 2021). Despite these efforts, achieving the target of protecting 1 billion people by 2026 requires sustained commitment and resources, highlighting the need for international collaboration to bridge remaining immunization gaps and ensure global preparedness. 4 Case Study The Yellow Fever (YF) outbreak in Nigeria between 2017 and 2022 represents a critical example of the challenges and successes in managing YF through vaccination strategies. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, Nigeria faced recurrent outbreaks, revealing gaps in immunization coverage, challenges in rapid response, and the need for booster doses to maintain immunity. This section explores the dynamics of the outbreak, evaluates the impact of vaccination campaigns, discusses changes in immunization policy, and considers the role of long-term immunity in YF management. 4.1 Case analysis: yellow fever outbreak in nigeria (2017-2022) The resurgence of yellow fever in Nigeria, starting in 2017, marked a significant public health crisis, with outbreaks affecting all 36 states. The initial case in September 2017 ended a 21-year period with no confirmed YF cases in Nigeria. Factors contributing to this resurgence included low routine vaccination coverage, poor vector control, and environmental conditions conducive to Aedes mosquito proliferation, which is responsible for transmitting the yellow fever virus (YFV) (Figure 1) (Nomhwange et al., 2020). Between 2017 and 2019, Nigeria reported 7 894 suspected cases, with 287 laboratory-confirmed infections and a case fatality rate of 2.7%. The outbreaks were most severe in Kwara, Kogi, Edo, Ebonyi, and Bauchi states, which became major epicenters of transmission. Figure 1 Bar chart showing average duration for various phases of the yellow fever detection and response by year and ICG application 2017-2019 (Adopted from Nomhwange et al., 2020)
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