Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 247-255 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 253 vectors and hosts in JE transmission. While pigs are well-established as primary amplifying hosts, the potential involvement of other animals such as feral pigs, poultry, and dogs needs further investigation (Ladreyt et al., 2019; Oliveira et al., 2020; Ladreyt et al., 2022). Additionally, the genetic variation of the JE Virus (JEV) and its impact on transmission dynamics and disease severity is not fully understood, necessitating more comprehensive genetic studies (Pearce et al., 2018). Another critical gap is the lack of effective antiviral treatments and the limited use of available vaccines due to high costs and side effects, which restricts their global application (Srivastava et al., 2023). Furthermore, the diagnostic procedures for JE are often inadequate, with many cases confirmed using low-confidence tests, highlighting the need for more reliable and accessible diagnostic tools (Bharucha et al., 2020). 7.2 Emerging trends in JE transmission Recent trends indicate a potential expansion of JE beyond its traditional geographic confines, driven by factors such as climate change, urbanization, and changes in agricultural practices (Pearce et al., 2018; Mackenzie et al., 2020; Mulvey et al., 2021). For instance, the emergence of JEV genotype IV in Australia and its potential for endemicity underscores the virus's ability to adapt to new ecological niches. Meteorological factors, including temperature and rainfall, have been shown to significantly influence JE transmission, with warmer and wetter conditions increasing the risk of outbreaks (Liu et al., 2020; Tu et al., 2021). Additionally, the role of feral pigs and other wildlife in the spread of JEV in non-endemic regions, such as the United States, is gaining attention, suggesting that these animals could facilitate the virus's introduction and establishment in new areas (Oliveira et al., 2020). 7.3 Recommendations for future studies To address these gaps and emerging trends, future research should focus on several key areas. First, long-term longitudinal studies are needed to monitor vector populations and their competencies, particularly in relation to secondary vectors like Culex pipiens and Culex bitaeniorhynchus, to better understand their roles in JE transmission (Pearce et al., 2018). Second, genetic studies should be expanded to explore the diversity of JEV strains and their implications for disease epidemiology and vaccine development (Pearce et al., 2018). Third, there is a pressing need to develop cost-effective and side-effect-free antiviral treatments and vaccines to enhance global JE control efforts (Srivastava et al., 2023). Fourth, improving diagnostic tools to provide rapid, accurate, and accessible testing in endemic regions is crucial for timely disease management (Bharucha et al., 2020). Lastly, incorporating environmental and ecological data into predictive models can help identify high-risk periods and areas, enabling more targeted and effective intervention strategies (Liu et al., 2020; Mulvey et al., 2021; Tu et al., 2021). By addressing these research needs, we can better understand and mitigate the factors influencing JE transmission, ultimately reducing the disease burden globally. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Li for the assistance and support during the research process, which contributed to the completion of this paper. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Asawapaithulsert P., Ngamprasertchai T., and Kitro A., 2023, Japanese encephalitis vaccine acceptance and strategies for travelers: insights from a scoping review and practitioners in endemic countries, Vaccines, 11(11): 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111683 Auerswald H., Maquart P., Chevalier V., and Boyer S., 2021, Mosquito vector competence for japanese encephalitis virus, Viruses, 13(6): 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061154 Bharucha T., Shearer F., Vongsouvath M., Mayxay M., Lamballerie X., Newton P., Zitzmann N., Gould E., and Dubot-Pérès A., 2020, A need to raise the bar-A systematic review of temporal trends in diagnostics for Japanese encephalitis virus infection, and perspectives for future research, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 95: 444-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.039
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