Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 247-255 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 251 Figure 2 Identification of the vertebrate source of blood meals of Australian species of Culex, with a focus on animal groups of importance to Japanese encephalitis virus transmission cycles. Source data were from previously published studies (Adopted from Hurk et al., 2022) 5.3 JE transmission patterns and contributing factors The transmission patterns of JE in Australia have shown a significant shift, with local transmission being reported for the first time in 2022. This unprecedented scale of transmission involved indigenous mosquitoes and amplifying swine hosts, leading to human infections (Williams et al., 2022). Several factors contribute to this pattern, including: Climate Change: Warmer temperatures and increased rainfall can enhance mosquito breeding and virus transmission (Williams et al., 2022). Ecological Drivers: The presence of suitable mosquito vectors and amplifying hosts in close proximity to human populations increases the risk of JE outbreaks (Williams et al., 2022; Kwa et al., 2023). Human Activities: Urbanization and changes in land use can create new habitats for mosquitoes and bring humans into closer contact with vectors and hosts (Pearce et al., 2018; Song et al., 2020). 5.4 Lessons learned and implications for future research The emergence of JE in Australia underscores the importance of continuous surveillance and adaptive public health strategies. Key lessons include: Enhanced Surveillance: There is a need for robust surveillance systems to monitor mosquito populations and JEV activity, particularly in regions at risk of introduction and spread (Williams et al., 2022; Kwa et al., 2023). Integrated Vector Management: Effective control of mosquito populations through environmental management and targeted interventions can reduce the risk of JE transmission (Pearce et al., 2018; Williams et al., 2022). Vaccination Programs: Expanding vaccination coverage, especially in at-risk areas, can significantly reduce the incidence of JE (Moore, 2021; Srivastava et al., 2023). Climate and Ecological Research: Further studies on the impact of climate change and ecological factors on JE transmission are essential to predict and mitigate future outbreaks (Song et al., 2020).
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