Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 215-225 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 223 preventing and controlling emerging mosquito-borne pathogens, ultimately improving global health outcomesv (Yang et al., 2020). 8 Concluding Remarks The research on vaccines for emerging mosquito-borne pathogens has made significant strides, yet several challenges remain. Various vaccine platforms, including inactivated, viral-vector, live attenuated, protein, and nucleic acid vaccines, are being developed to combat viruses such as Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya1. The development of a mosquito saliva peptide-based vaccine has shown promise in early trials, demonstrating safety and immunogenicity in humans. The emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses like Chikungunya and Zika highlight the need for new strategies in disease control and vaccine development3. Despite the promising candidates, no licensed vaccines are available for many of these diseases, underscoring the need for continued research and development. The use of multivalent DNA vaccines has shown potential in generating robust immune responses against multiple mosquito-borne viruses6. Additionally, advancements in vaccinomics and the discovery of novel mosquito-associated viruses provide new avenues for vaccine development. Future vaccine research should focus on several key areas to address the challenges posed by emerging mosquito-borne pathogens. First, there is a need to accelerate the development and clinical testing of promising vaccine candidates, particularly those that have shown efficacy in preclinical studies. The use of innovative platforms such as DNA vaccines and vaccinomics can help in the rapid development of effective vaccines. Additionally, exploring vector-targeted vaccines, such as those targeting mosquito saliva proteins, could provide a novel approach to disease prevention. Collaborative efforts between nations, international organizations, and the private sector are essential to overcome financial and logistical barriers to vaccine development. Finally, continuous surveillance and research into newly discovered mosquito-associated viruses will be crucial in anticipating and mitigating future outbreaks. To effectively combat emerging mosquito-borne pathogens, a coordinated and multifaceted approach is required. Policymakers and funding agencies must prioritize and invest in vaccine research and development, ensuring that promising candidates can move swiftly through the clinical trial phases. There is also a need for international collaboration to share data, resources, and expertise, particularly in regions most affected by these diseases. Public-private partnerships should be encouraged to stimulate innovation and investment in vaccine technologies. Additionally, integrating vector control strategies with vaccine deployment can provide a comprehensive approach to disease prevention. Finally, public health policies should be updated to incorporate the latest scientific advancements and ensure that new vaccines are accessible to populations at risk. Acknowledgments Thanks to the peer reviewers for their suggestions on this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Achee N., Grieco J., Vatandoost H., Seixas G., Pinto J., Ching-Ng L., Martins A., Juntarajumnong W., Corbel V., Gouagna C., David J., Logan J., Orsborne J., Marois E., Devine G., and Vontas J., 2019, Alternative strategies for mosquito-borne arbovirus control, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13: 82-83. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006822 Amorij J., Kersten G., Saluja V., Tonnis W., Hinrichs W., Slütter B., Bal S., Bouwstra J., Huckriede A., and Jiskoot W., 2012, Towards tailored vaccine delivery: needs, challenges and perspectives, Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society, 161(2): 363-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.039 Bartlow A., Manore C., Xu C., Kaufeld K., Valle S., Ziemann A., Fairchild G., and Fair J., 2019, Forecasting zoonotic infectious disease response to climate change: mosquito vectors and a changing environment, Veterinary Sciences, 6: 33-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020040 Benelli G., and Mehlhorn H., 2016, Declining malaria, rising of dengue and zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control, Parasitology Research, 115: 1747-1754.
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