Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 215-225 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 219 innovations are crucial for the development of next-generation vaccines that can effectively combat emerging mosquito-borne pathogens. In summary, the future of vaccine research for emerging mosquito-borne pathogens lies in the integration of cutting-edge genomic and proteomic technologies, the utilization of novel vaccine platforms such as mRNA and insect-specific viruses, the development of multivalent and universal vaccines, and the incorporation of advanced adjuvants and delivery systems. These innovative approaches hold the promise of providing effective and long-lasting protection against a wide range of mosquito-borne diseases (Figure 2) (Huang et al., 2023). Figure 2 The genome of CHIKV and structure schematic diagrams of CHIKV vaccine candidates (Adopted from Huang et al., 2023) Image caption: (A) The genome of CHIKV encodes a capsid and a phospholipid envelope, and comprises a single-stranded RNA genome. The polyproteins are cropped into four non-structural proteins (nsP1-4) and five structural proteins. (B) VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP is produced by human embryonic kidney VRC293 cells from a DNA plasmid encoding the structural genes of the chikungunya virus. (C) pCHIKV-7 is an iDNA vaccine that encodes the full-length infectious genome of live attenuated CHIKV clone 181/25 downstream from a eukaryotic promoter. (D) MV-CHIK takes the measles virus as a viral vector and inserts structural genes of CHIKV. Ad-CHIKV-SG, Ad-CHIKV-E3/E2/E1, and Ad-CHIKV-E3/E2/6K insert three groups of different structural proteins into the adenovirus (Adopted from Huang et al., 2023) Huang et al. (2023) demonstrated that the development of CHIKV vaccines involves various strategies utilizing different platforms, including DNA plasmids, infectious DNA (iDNA), and viral vectors. The VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP candidate utilizes a plasmid DNA approach to express CHIKV structural proteins in human cells, which is a key step in eliciting an immune response. The pCHIKV-7 candidate, on the other hand, is based on iDNA technology, encoding the full-length genome of a live attenuated CHIKV clone, which mimics natural infection to stimulate immunity. The MV-CHIKV vaccine candidate leverages a measles virus vector to deliver CHIKV structural genes, while the adenovirus-based candidates (Ad-CHIKV-SG, Ad-CHIKV-E3/E2/E1, and Ad-CHIKV-E3/E2/6K) focus on delivering specific structural protein sets to enhance immune targeting. These diverse approaches underscore the complexity and multi-faceted nature of vaccine design aimed at effectively combating chikungunya virus. 5 Challenges in Vaccine Development 5.1 Antigenic variability and immune evasion strategies One of the primary challenges in developing vaccines for emerging mosquito-borne pathogens is the high antigenic variability and immune evasion strategies employed by these pathogens. For instance, pathogens like the dengue virus exhibit significant genetic diversity, which complicates the development of a universal vaccine that
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODY0NQ==