Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 215-225 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 216 This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of vaccine research for emerging mosquito-borne pathogens. It will examine the various vaccine platforms under development, including inactivated vaccines, viral-vector vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, protein vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines1. It will also identify the key challenges and gaps in current research efforts and propose future directions to enhance vaccine development and deployment. By synthesizing the latest findings and insights from multiple studies, this study seeks to inform and guide future research initiatives aimed at combating mosquito-borne diseases effectively. 2 Historical Context and Lessons Learned 2.1 Review of past vaccine development efforts The development of vaccines for mosquito-borne diseases has a long and complex history, marked by both significant achievements and notable challenges. Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it causes substantial morbidity and mortality (Wang, 2024). Early efforts focused on diseases such as yellow fever and malaria, with varying degrees of success. For instance, the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) vaccine for malaria, developed in recent years, represents a milestone in the fight against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, although it does not offer protection against Plasmodium vivax malaria (Manning et al., 2020). In the case of dengue, the CYD-TDV vaccine has been licensed, but its efficacy and safety have been subjects of ongoing research and debate. More recently, the TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine has shown promising results in phase 3 trials, demonstrating an overall efficacy of 80.9% in preventing virologically confirmed dengue (Huang et al., 2019). 2.2 Successes and failures in mosquito-borne disease vaccines The journey of vaccine development for mosquito-borne diseases is punctuated by both successes and failures. The development of the yellow fever vaccine in the 1930s stands out as a significant success, providing long-lasting immunity and drastically reducing the incidence of the disease. Similarly, the RTS,S malaria vaccine, despite its limitations, represents a significant advancement in malaria control (Benelli and Mehlhorn, 2016). However, the path has not been without failures. The CYD-TDV dengue vaccine, for example, faced significant setbacks due to safety concerns, particularly in seronegative individuals, which led to severe disease outcomes in some cases. The challenges in developing effective vaccines for diseases like Zika and chikungunya also highlight the complexities involved. Despite ongoing efforts, no licensed vaccines are currently available for these diseases, although several candidates are in various stages of development (Biswal et al., 2019). 2.3 Impact of historical vaccines on public health The impact of historical vaccines on public health has been profound. The yellow fever vaccine, for instance, has been instrumental in controlling outbreaks and preventing the spread of the disease in endemic regions. Similarly, the introduction of the RTS,S malaria vaccine has the potential to significantly reduce malaria morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (Bettis et al., 2022). The development and deployment of the TAK-003 dengue vaccine could also have a substantial impact on public health, given its high efficacy in preventing symptomatic dengue and reducing hospitalizations (Achee et al., 2019). Moreover, the ongoing research into vector-targeted vaccines, such as the AGS-v vaccine targeting mosquito saliva proteins, represents a novel approach that could further enhance our ability to control mosquito-borne diseases1. In summary, the historical context of vaccine development for mosquito-borne diseases provides valuable lessons. While there have been notable successes, the journey is fraught with challenges that require continuous innovation and adaptation. The impact of these vaccines on public health underscores their importance in the ongoing fight against mosquito-borne diseases. 3 Emerging Mosquito-Borne Pathogens 3.1 Identification and characterization of emerging pathogens Emerging mosquito-borne pathogens such as dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Zika virus have been identified as significant threats due to their rapid spread and severe health impacts. These viruses have been characterized by their ability to adapt to new environments and hosts, facilitated by global travel and trade. The
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