Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 215-225 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 215 Review and Progress Open Access Future Directions in Vaccine Research for Emerging Mosquito-Borne Pathogens DaweiWang Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570206, Hainan, China Corresponding author: daweiwang@qq.com Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.4 doi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0021 Received: 03 Jun., 2024 Accepted: 14 Jul., 2024 Published: 02 Aug., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wu and Liu, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wu Z.Q., and Liu X.J., 2024, Role of climate and environmental changes in mosquito population dynamics, Journal of Mosquito Research, 14(4): 215-225 (doi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0020) Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in the development of effective vaccines against emerging pathogens. This study provides a comprehensive review of the historical background of mosquito-borne disease vaccine development, highlighting both the successes and failures that have shaped current approaches. It explores the identification and characterization of emerging pathogens, with a particular focus on the role of climate and environmental changes in their spread. Innovative approaches in vaccine research, including advances in genomics and proteomics technologies, mRNA vaccines, and multivalent vaccine platforms, are examined in depth. Additionally, this study discusses antigenic variability, vaccine delivery in resource-limited settings, and the ethical considerations surrounding public acceptance. Case studies on Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue vaccines showcase ongoing efforts and their impact. Looking forward, this study explores the integration of artificial intelligence, personalized vaccination strategies, and the potential for cross-protective vaccines targeting multiple pathogens. This study emphasize the critical importance of global collaboration and data sharing in advancing vaccine research and ensuring preparedness against future mosquito-borne disease threats. Keywords Mosquito-borne diseases; Vaccine development; Emerging pathogens; mRNA vaccines; Global collaboration 1 Introduction Mosquito-borne diseases are a significant global health concern, affecting millions of people annually. These diseases are caused by various pathogens, including viruses from the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families, which are transmitted by mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Bettis et al., 2022). Notable diseases include Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, and Yellow Fever, which have led to numerous outbreaks and substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide (Huang et al., 2023). The epidemiology of these diseases is influenced by factors such as climate change, global travel, and urbanization, which facilitate the spread of mosquito vectors to new regions, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission (Näslund et al., 2021). Developing vaccines for mosquito-borne diseases presents several challenges. One major issue is the genetic diversity of the viruses, which complicates the creation of vaccines that provide broad protection. For instance, the Dengue virus has four serotypes, and infection with one serotype does not confer immunity against the others, leading to the risk of severe disease upon secondary infection (Huang et al., 2019). Additionally, the unpredictable nature of outbreaks and the sporadic occurrence of these diseases make it difficult to conduct large-scale vaccine efficacy trials. Furthermore, the rapid emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens outpace the development of effective vaccines and treatments, necessitating continuous research and innovation (Kim, 2018). Focusing on emerging mosquito-borne pathogens is crucial due to their potential to cause significant public health crises (Brugueras et al., 2020). Recent outbreaks of Zika and Chikungunya viruses have highlighted the need for effective vaccines to prevent widespread transmission and mitigate the impact on affected populations. Emerging pathogens often exploit gaps in existing public health infrastructure, leading to rapid and uncontrolled spread. Moreover, the adaptation of mosquito vectors to new environmental conditions and their ability to invade new regions underscore the urgency of developing vaccines that can be deployed quickly in response to emerging threats (Teramoto et al., 2019).
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