Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 204-214 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 208 possible. This approach not only provided continuous mosquito monitoring but also offered additional benefits such as electric light and mobile phone charging, which increased the acceptability and adherence to the intervention (Kwan et al., 2019). Another innovative trapping system involves a low-cost, passive release device designed to attract, repel, or kill mosquitoes using volatile compounds. This device is particularly useful in economically repressed environments, providing a reliable and affordable solution for mosquito control (Lees et al., 2015). Figure 2 Agricultural drone spraying area map (Adopted from Mukabana et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Location of the 9 experimental paddies in the Cheju rice irrigation scheme. Control paddies are indicated by 3, 6, and 9; low-dose AMF (1 mL/m2) by 2, 5, and 8; and high-dose AMF (5 mL/m2) by 1, 4, and 7. (B) The location of the irrigation scheme within Unguja island, Zanzibar (C). (D) The Agras MG-1 S drone spraying AMF in a rice paddy (Adopted from Mukabana et al., 2022) 4.3 Ultrasonic devices for mosquito deterrence Ultrasonic devices have been explored as a non-chemical method for deterring mosquitoes. These devices emit high-frequency sound waves that are purported to be unpleasant to mosquitoes, thereby reducing their presence in treated areas. While the effectiveness of ultrasonic devices in mosquito control is still under investigation, they represent a potential tool for integrated pest management strategies, especially in areas where chemical control methods are less desirable or feasible (Bouyer et al., 2020). 4.4 Use of light and sound for mosquito repellence The use of light and sound as mosquito repellents is another innovative approach being explored. Certain wavelengths of light and specific sound frequencies can deter mosquitoes, reducing their activity and biting rates. For example, solar-powered traps that utilize light to attract mosquitoes have been integrated into mass trapping systems, providing a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for mosquito control (Hiscox et al., 2016). Additionally, combining light and sound technologies with other control methods, such as SIT, can enhance the overall effectiveness of mosquito management programs. By integrating these innovative technologies, mosquito control programs can achieve more effective and sustainable outcomes, addressing the growing challenges posed by mosquito-borne diseases.
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