Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 172-183 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 172 Review Article Open Access Mechanisms of Mosquito-Mediated Pathogen Transmission to Humans Xiaoyun Wang, Hui Lu, Jun Li Animal Science Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: jun.li@cuixi.org Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.4 doi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0017 Received: 01 May, 2024 Accepted: 10 Jun., 2024 Published: 01 Jul., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wang et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang X.Y., Lu H., and Li J., 2024, Applications of geographic information systems in mosquito monitoring, Journal of Mosquito Research, 14(4): 172-183. (doi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0017) Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases pose a significant threat to global health, making it crucial to gain an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which mosquitoes transmit pathogens. This study explores the complex biology of mosquitoes, focusing on analyzing their vector competence, anatomical structure, and life cycle, and how these factors contribute to disease transmission. The research examines the processes of pathogen acquisition, development, and persistence within mosquitoes, with particular emphasis on the key barriers that pathogens must overcome, such as the midgut and salivary glands, to ensure successful transmission to humans. Additionally, this study delves into the behavioral and ecological aspects of mosquito biting and pathogen release, as well as the co-evolutionary dynamics between mosquitoes, pathogens, and human hosts. Through detailed case studies of malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, the diverse strategies employed by different pathogens are illustrated. This study also discusses current and emerging control strategies, emphasizing the importance of genetic and biological methods, and proposes future research directions aimed at improving public health outcomes. This study provides critical insights into the mechanisms of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission, which are essential for developing more effective disease control strategies. Keywords Mosquito-borne diseases; Pathogen transmission; Vector competence; Host-pathogen interactions; Control strategies 1 Introduction Mosquito-borne diseases represent a significant public health challenge globally (Weaver and Lecuit, 2015), with a range of viruses such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and others causing widespread morbidity and mortality (Roth et al., 2014). These diseases are primarily transmitted by mosquito species like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which have adapted to various environmental conditions, facilitating the spread of these pathogens across different regions (Shragai et al., 2017). The reemergence and increasing incidence of these diseases have heightened the need for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying mosquito-mediated pathogen transmission to humans (Weaver et al., 2018). Understanding the transmission mechanisms of mosquito-borne pathogens is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it aids in predicting and preventing outbreaks by identifying key factors that influence transmission dynamics, such as environmental conditions, mosquito behavior, and human activities (Jones et al., 2019). Secondly, it informs the development of targeted vector control strategies and public health interventions, which are essential for mitigating the impact of these diseases (Liu et al., 2020). Lastly, it contributes to the broader field of infectious disease ecology, providing insights into how pathogens evolve and spread in response to changing ecological and climatic conditions (Brugueras et al., 2020). This study synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of mosquito-mediated pathogen transmission to humans, identifies critical gaps in the existing literature, and propose directions for future research. This study covers various aspects of transmission, including the biology and ecology of mosquito vectors, the influence of environmental and climatic factors, and the role of human behavior and socio-economic conditions in shaping transmission patterns. By providing a comprehensive overview of these mechanisms, this study aims to enhance our understanding of mosquito-borne diseases and support the development of more effective control and prevention strategies.
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