Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 195-203 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 199 the study emphasizes the distinct ecological roles that different ecoregions, such as forests and grasslands, play in supporting mosquito biodiversity, particularly within the Amazonian and extra-Amazonian regions. The data suggest that while both Aedes and Anopheles species are widely distributed, the species richness of Anopheles is slightly higher, indicating potential implications for vector control strategies in varying ecological contexts across the region. This underscores the necessity for targeted vector control efforts that consider the specific environmental and land-use characteristics of each area. Figure 2 Dataset of Aedes and Anopheles mosquito biodiversity in Latin America and the Caribbean (Adopted from Fletcher et al., 2023) Image caption: Geographical location (points) of surveyed sites (n = 632) and their predominant land-use type across 93 collated studies (A). Colours represent the four land-use types: primary vegetation (green), secondary vegetation (blue), managed (orange) and urban (purple). Green shading on the map shows the Amazon basin, The number of surveyed sites across broadly defined terrestrial ecoregions (forests, grassland and shrubland, and mangroves) are shown for Amazonian and extra-Amazonian regions (the remaining LAC region) (B). Proportion (%) of unique species (species richness) across total species richness in the dataset (C) (Adopted from Fletcher et al., 2023) 5 Implications for Public Health and Mosquito-Borne Diseases 5.1 Increased transmission risk due to climate-induced mosquito proliferation Climate change has a profound impact on the proliferation of mosquito populations and the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases (Sargent et al., 2022). Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events contribute to the expansion of mosquito habitats and the extension of transmission seasons. For instance, studies have shown that variability in temperature and precipitation is linked to the transmission of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis in China (Ryan et al., 2017). Similarly, the global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, are expected to increase due to climate change, with significant population exposures predicted in Europe and high-elevation tropical and subtropical regions. The impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases is not uniform across regions. In southern Europe, climatic and environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and population density are key determinants of the distribution and emergence of diseases like dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile fever, and malaria. In coastal zones, rising sea levels and the expansion of brackish water bodies can increase the densities of salinity-tolerant mosquitoes, further exacerbating the transmission of diseases like malaria and dengue. Moreover, urbanization and climate change have complex effects on mosquito population dynamics. In the Pearl River Delta region of China, urbanization has led to a decrease in mosquito populations in newly urbanized areas but an increase in existing urban areas. Changing climate conditions are projected to cause a reduction in the total annual mosquito population, with significant increases during non-peak months. These findings highlight the need for region-specific mosquito control
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