Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 195-203 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 196 have demonstrated that temperature fluctuations can significantly impact the development, survival, and reproductive rates of mosquitoes (Liu et al., 2020). For instance, a study on Anopheles mosquitoes revealed that higher temperatures reduced larval sizes and decreased hatching and pupation times, while also decreasing adult longevity and fecundity (Brugueras rt al., 2020). Similarly, research on Culex mosquitoes indicated that temperature increases accelerated mosquito development but also increased mortality rates, particularly at temperatures above 24 °C (Kolimenakis et al., 2021). These findings underscore the complex and species-specific responses of mosquitoes to temperature changes, which can ultimately affect their capacity to transmit diseases. 2.2 Changes in precipitation patterns and mosquito habitats Precipitation patterns play a crucial role in shaping mosquito habitats and population dynamics (Liu et al., 2020). Rainfall provides breeding sites for mosquitoes, and changes in precipitation can either enhance or limit mosquito proliferation. A study on Culex quinquefasciatus demonstrated that there is an optimal number of rainy days that maximizes mosquito abundance, while increased daily rainfall variability can lead to higher mosquito populations even with low mean monthly precipitation (Caldwell et al., 2021). Additionally, research conducted in urban parks in São Paulo found that both temperature and accumulated rainfall were significant predictors of mosquito abundance, with different species showing varying levels of sensitivity to these climatic variables (Reinhold et al., 2020). These studies highlight the importance of understanding local precipitation patterns to predict mosquito population dynamics and implement effective control strategies (Jones et al., 2019). 2.3 Extreme weather events and their impact on mosquito distribution Extreme weather events, such as droughts and heatwaves, can profoundly influence mosquito distribution and disease transmission dynamics. For example, an investigation into the effects of an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought event in Malaysia found that such extreme conditions could alter mosquito development rates, although the impact varied depending on the local land-use type (Li et al., 2019). Another study emphasized that extreme warming events could significantly affect mosquito life-history traits, such as survival and reproduction, thereby altering the transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne diseases (Yitbarek et al., 2023). These findings suggest that extreme weather events, driven by climate change, could lead to shifts in mosquito distribution and potentially increase the risk of disease outbreaks in new regions. In summary, climate change, through its effects on temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events, plays a pivotal role in shaping mosquito population dynamics. Understanding these relationships is essential for predicting future changes in mosquito-borne disease risks and developing adaptive public health strategies (Nosrat et al., 2021). 3 Environmental Changes and Mosquito Populations 3.1 Urbanization and its role in mosquito habitat creation Urbanization significantly impacts mosquito populations by creating diverse habitats that support their proliferation. Urban environments often feature a variety of artificial containers and standing water sources, which are ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes. For instance, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, urbanization has led to the creation of numerous aquatic habitats such as buckets, bromeliads, and flower pots, which are heavily utilized by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (Figure 1) (Wilke et al., 2019). Similarly, in Britain, urban areas with artificial container habitats like garden water butts have shown higher mosquito densities compared to rural areas, with species such as Culex pipiens and Anopheles plumbeus thriving in these environments (Wang et al., 2019). Additionally, socioeconomic factors play a role in mosquito distribution within urban areas. Lower-income neighborhoods in the USA tend to have more standing water and garbage, leading to higher mosquito densities and increased risk of mosquito-borne diseases (Yitbarek et al., 2023). These findings underscore the need for targeted mosquito control strategies in urban areas to mitigate the risk of disease transmission. Wilke et al. (2019) found that the spatial distribution of mosquito larvae and pupae in Miami-Dade County, Florida, displayed a significant clustering of various species within urban areas, as depicted in the figure. This indicates that urban environments provide suitable breeding grounds for multiple mosquito species, with some species like Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti being notably prevalent. The observed distribution patterns suggest that urbanization and associated environmental conditions significantly influence the habitats and
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