Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 184-194 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 187 the highest potential for human-mosquito interactions. The study underscores the potential of using citizen science data in conjunction with sophisticated modeling techniques to enhance mosquito surveillance and control efforts. 3.3 Ethical and legal considerations in data sharing Ethical and legal considerations are paramount in data sharing practices (Brugueras et al., 2020). Researchers must navigate issues such as data ownership, privacy, and consent, which can vary significantly across different regions and institutions. Factors that hamper data sharing include concerns about data misappropriation, lack of compensation, and unfavourable internal policies. To address these challenges, it is essential to establish clear guidelines and policies that protect the rights of data providers while promoting transparency and accessibility. Ethical clearance and adherence to legal norms are critical to ensuring that data sharing practices are both responsible and effective (Fonseca et al., 2019). 3.4 Technological innovations facilitating data sharing Technological advancements have significantly enhanced the capacity for data sharing in MBD research (Tandina et al., 2018). Innovations such as remote sensing, system dynamics modelling, and bio-control strategies like the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes are transforming the landscape of disease control. These technologies enable the collection, analysis, and dissemination of large datasets, providing valuable insights into disease transmission patterns and the effectiveness of control measures. For instance, the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes has shown promise in reducing the transmission of diseases like dengue and Zika by interfering with mosquito reproduction and pathogen growth (Agboli et al., 2021). Additionally, the integration of new vector-control tools and strategies is essential to meet public health demands and mitigate the impact of mosquito-borne diseases. By leveraging these technological innovations and addressing ethical and legal considerations, the global research community can enhance data sharing practices, ultimately improving the control and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases (Nebbak et al., 2022). 4 Case Study: Successes and Challenges 4.1 The global malaria elimination campaign The global malaria elimination campaign has seen significant successes and faced numerous challenges. Collaborative initiatives, such as those in the Ecuador-Peru border region, have demonstrated the effectiveness of joint efforts in reducing malaria transmission. These initiatives often involve joint vector control, case management, and epidemiological data sharing, which have led to substantial reductions in malaria burden and mortality (Roth et al., 2014). However, the campaign is hindered by inadequate internal funding and over-reliance on donor support, which threaten the sustainability of these efforts. Additionally, the International Health Regulations (IHR) framework, while providing a legal structure for disease control, has not been fully leveraged for malaria, indicating a need for more focused guidelines and application. Community participation has also been identified as a critical component, with successful programs often involving locally selected volunteers and strong community engagement (Tsukayama et al., 2020). 4.2 Zika virus outbreak: a case of rapid data sharing and response The Zika virus outbreak of 2015~2016 highlighted the importance of rapid data sharing and global collaboration in managing mosquito-borne diseases. The outbreak exposed significant gaps in mosquito-borne disease control and underscored the need for a united global response (Buchwald et al., 2020). The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) serves as a model for effective data sharing, having developed robust data governance and curation tools that have influenced global treatment recommendations. Despite challenges such as funders' reluctance to invest in capacity building, WWARN's approach of providing free online tools and collaborative authorship has increased data contributions and improved data quality (Figure 2) (Weetman et al., 2018). This case underscores the necessity of long-term infrastructure investment and new incentive structures to facilitate effective data sharing (Liu et al., 2020).
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