Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 111-123 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 115 the thermal and moisture conditions, thereby impacting the transmission potential of mosquito-borne diseases (LaDeau et al., 2015). 4.3 Human behavior and environmental factors Human behavior and environmental factors are critical in shaping the epidemiological patterns of mosquito-borne diseases. Socioeconomic status, urbanization, and climate change are significant determinants of mosquito distribution and disease transmission. Poor infrastructure, inconsistent access to water, and high population density in urban areas create favorable conditions for mosquito breeding and increase human-mosquito contact (Eder et al., 2019). Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, further exacerbates the spread of mosquito-borne diseases by expanding the geographical range of competent mosquito vectors (Brugueras et al., 2020). Additionally, human mobility and global transportation systems facilitate the introduction and spread of mosquito-borne pathogens to new regions (Näslund et al., 2021). In summary, understanding the life cycle of mosquitoes, their vector competence and capacity, and the influence of human behavior and environmental factors is essential for developing effective strategies to control and prevent mosquito-borne diseases globally. Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and improve predictive models for disease transmission (Farajollahi et al., 2011). 5 Impact on Public Health 5.1 Morbidity and mortality rates Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) significantly impact global morbidity and mortality rates. Diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis collectively contribute to millions of cases annually, with substantial death tolls, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (Figure 2) (Naik et al., 2023). The risk of mosquito-borne illness varies greatly with factors such as occupation, age, ethnicity, gender, income status, travel frequency, and climate change, leading to a diverse range of health outcomes from mild short-term illnesses to severe long-term conditions and death (Penhollow et al., 2021). The presence of competent mosquito vectors and the number of trips to and from endemic areas further exacerbate the spread and impact of these diseases (Brugueras et al., 2020). Figure 2 Magnitude of reported cases of malaria, degue, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya in India, 1972-2022 (Adopted from Naik et al., 2023) The research of Naik et al. (2023) shows the trends in reported cases of mosquito-borne diseases in India from 1972 to 2022. Malaria cases, depicted in blue, show a significant peak around the late 1970s, followed by a gradual decline and stabilization at lower levels in the subsequent decades. Dengue cases, represented in red, have seen a notable rise since the early 2000s, with several peaks indicating periodic outbreaks, especially after 2010. Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases, shown in yellow, had occasional spikes but remained relatively lower compared to malaria and dengue. Chikungunya cases, in purple, exhibit a sharp increase around 2006, with recurrent peaks in the following years. This pattern highlights the evolving public health challenges posed by different
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