Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 111-123 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 112 determinants of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks, as well as the effectiveness of current control measures. Through this analysis, this study hopes to contribute to the development of more effective strategies for the prevention and control of these pervasive public health threats. 2 Overview of Mosquito-Borne Diseases Mosquito-borne diseases are a significant public health concern globally, affecting millions of people each year. These diseases are transmitted by various species of mosquitoes and can lead to severe health outcomes, including death. The primary mosquito-borne diseases include malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, chikungunya, yellow fever, and West Nile virus. Each of these diseases has unique epidemiological patterns, clinical manifestations, and vectors responsible for their transmission. 2.1 Types of mosquito-borne diseases 2.1.1 Malaria Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and poses a significant health burden, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria can cause severe illness and death, especially in young children and pregnant women. 2.1.2 Dengue fever Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions and can lead to severe complications such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The basic reproduction number (R0) for dengue varies significantly across different climate zones, with higher values observed in tropical regions (Guarner and Hale, 2019; Liu et al., 2020). 2.1.3 Zika virus Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It gained global attention due to its association with congenital Zika syndrome, which includes microcephaly and other severe birth defects. The virus has spread rapidly across the Americas and other regions since its emergence (Jones et al., 2020b). 2.1.4 Chikungunya Chikungunya is caused by the chikungunya virus, which is also transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is characterized by severe joint pain, fever, and rash. The disease has caused significant outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, often co-circulating with dengue and Zika viruses (Roth et al., 2014). 2.1.5 Yellow fever Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes. It is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and South America. The disease can cause severe liver damage, leading to jaundice and high mortality rates. Vaccination is available and is the primary method of prevention (Whiteman et al., 2020). 2.1.6 West Nile Virus West Nile virus is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes and can cause severe neurological disease in humans. It is widely distributed across Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and North America. The virus primarily affects birds, but humans and other animals can become infected through mosquito bites (Weaver et al., 2018). 2.2 Mosquito species involved 2.2.1Anopheles Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vectors of malaria. They are found in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Anopheles mosquitoes are known for their role in transmitting Plasmodium parasites, which cause malaria (Mbanzulu et al., 2020).
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