Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 147-160 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 150 temperatures can accelerate the development of mosquito larvae, reducing the time required for them to reach adulthood. For instance, Anopheles mosquitoes exhibit faster development rates at higher temperatures, although this can also lead to smaller adult sizes and reduced survival rates (Ewing et al., 2016; Agyekum et al., 2021). Similarly, Aedes albopictus larvae develop more quickly at elevated temperatures, but their survival rates decrease significantly at temperatures around 35°C (Monteiro et al., 2007). The development period of Culex mosquitoes also shortens with increasing temperatures, particularly below 24°C, but higher temperatures can increase mortality rates (Ciota et al., 2014). 3.1.2 Geographic variations Geographic variations play a significant role in how temperature affects mosquito populations. Different species and even populations within the same species can exhibit varying sensitivities to temperature changes. For example, Anopheles arabiensis shows greater tolerance to higher temperatures compared to An. funestus and An. quadriannulatus, which affects their distribution and survival in different regions (Agyekum et al., 2021). Additionally, Culex pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus, despite their distinct geographic ranges, do not show significant species-specific adaptations to temperature, indicating that local environmental conditions heavily influence their life cycles (Ciota et al., 2014). 3.2 Humidity 3.2.1 Impact on survival and activity Humidity significantly impacts mosquito survival and activity. High humidity levels are generally favorable for mosquito survival, as they reduce desiccation risk. Conversely, low humidity can lead to increased mortality rates. For instance, the survival of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus is closely linked to humidity levels, with higher humidity promoting longer lifespans and increased activity (Reinhold et al., 2018). The activity patterns of mosquitoes, including host-seeking behavior, are also influenced by humidity, which can affect disease transmission dynamics (Reinhold et al., 2018). 3.2.2 Seasonal variations Seasonal variations in humidity can lead to fluctuations in mosquito populations. During the wet season, increased humidity and water availability create optimal breeding conditions, leading to population surges. Conversely, the dry season can reduce mosquito activity and survival due to lower humidity levels. These seasonal changes are crucial for understanding and predicting mosquito population dynamics and the associated risks of disease outbreaks (Schaeffer et al., 2008). 3.3 Water quality 3.3.1 Importance of water sources Water quality is essential for mosquito breeding, as larvae develop in aquatic environments. The availability and quality of water sources can significantly influence mosquito populations. Clean, stagnant water is ideal for mosquito breeding, while polluted or contaminated water can hinder larval development and survival. For example, the presence of organic matter and nutrients in water can enhance larval growth, whereas pollutants and toxins can be detrimental (Moller-Jacobs et al., 2014). 3.3.2 Contaminants and their effects Contaminants in water sources can have various effects on mosquito larvae. Pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other chemicals can reduce larval survival rates and affect development. Studies have shown that larvae exposed to contaminated water exhibit lower survival rates and may develop into weaker adults with reduced reproductive success (Moller-Jacobs et al., 2014). Understanding the impact of water quality on mosquito life cycles is crucial for effective vector control strategies. 3.4 Habitat availability 3.4.1 Natural vs. artificial habitats Mosquitoes can breed in both natural and artificial habitats, with each type offering different conditions that affect
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODY0NQ==