Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 76-86 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 79 2.2 Host-pathogen interactions The interactions between mosquito hosts and their pathogens are mediated by complex biochemical and genetic mechanisms. For example, the genome of Anopheles stephensi, a vector of urban malaria, contains numerous transposable elements (TEs) that play a widespread role in genome evolution and phenotypic variation. These TEs include insecticide resistance genes and male-linked gene candidates, which are critical for the mosquito's ability to transmit malaria (Chakraborty et al., 2022) (Figure 2). Furthermore, the genetic basis of vectorial capacity and the development of genetic control strategies are often impeded by limitations in genome assembly quality. High-quality genome assemblies, such as those achieved through long-read sequencing technologies, enable the identification of genes responsible for vector competence and insecticide resistance, thereby enhancing our understanding of mosquito-pathogen interactions (Masri et al., 2021). Figure 2 Gene expression changes in adult female mosquitoes after a blood meal (Adopted from Chakraborty et al., 2022) Image caption: a Transcript abundance of genes that are in the top 1% (> ~ 64-fold) of the PBM transcript abundance changes. As evident here, more genes show upregulation than downregulation, although expression changes of some genes may not be due to the blood meal. b GO gene enrichment analysis of the genes from panel a. Consistent with the role of the blood meal in mosquito biology, the genes involved in cell division, DNA replication, amino acid metabolism, and cell signaling are enriched among the differentially expressed genes. c Protein sequence identity between the An. stephensi genes showing PBM upregulation and their An. gambiae orthologs. d Despite being a common genetic marker, the sequence of the PBM upregulated white gene was fragmented in the draft assembly of An. stephensi. e Transcript abundance of four yellow genes (yellow, yellow-b, yellow-e, yellow-g) before and after a blood meal. All genes show a similar transcript profile until 6 h PBM, after which yellow-g transcripts become more abundant. f A Cyp450orthologous to D. melanogaster Cyp305a1shows PBM upregulation (Adopted from Chakraborty et al., 2022)
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