Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 67-75 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 70 effect of Bti on target mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions, but also demonstrate its potential for application under semi-field and field conditions. Through precise control of different doses, Bti can significantly reduce the density of mosquito larvae in specific areas, thereby reducing the number of adult mosquitoes and effectively controlling the risk of the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Figure 1 Comparative growth analysis of Ceriodaphniasp. andBosminasp. in pulse water medium (Begum et al., 2015) 2.2 Potential effects of Bti on non-target organisms Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is an effective biological agent for mosquito larvae control, but its potential effects on non-target organisms remain an important topic of research. The safety of Bti is generally recognized for its high specificity against mosquito larvae, but recent studies have pointed out that long-term or high-volume use of Bti may have effects on coexisting non-target organisms. Particularly when using Bti in biodiversity protected areas and sensitive wetland ecosystems, potential impacts on non-target organisms and the ecosystem as a whole should be more deeply assessed and monitored. Derua et al. (2018) showed that although the newly developed long-lasting microbial insecticides (LLML) FourStar and LL3 can effectively control malaria vector mosquitoes, they have almost no significant impact on the population density of symbiotic non-target organisms. The study showed that after a round of standard-dose treatment, the species richness, abundance and diversity of non-target organisms did not change significantly compared with untreated controls. Gutierrez-Villagome et al. (2021) focused on the impact of Bti on amphibians. They found that although it had little effect on the survival rate, body length, weight and other indicators of Lithobates sylvaticus and Anaxyrus americanus tadpoles, the commercial formula of Bti significantly extended the median time to the completion of metamorphosis in L. sylvaticus tadpoles and changed A. americanus, which may have implications for individual fitness, including susceptibility to parasitic infections. Allgeier et al. (2019) further explored the impact of Bti on non-target organisms, especially non-biting midges (chironomids). Their study found that although Bti had a significant control effect on target mosquitoes, its operational dosage also significantly reduced the overall chironomid emergence rate by about half. This reduction in large numbers of non-target organisms may result in indirect negative impacts on other aquatic life such as birds and bats. 2.3 Consideration of ecosystem service functions by Bti applications When exploring the environmental impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) as a mosquito control strategy, its potential impact on ecosystem services has become an important research focus. Ecosystem services, including pollination, water purification, soil fertility maintenance, and biological control services, are the basis for ecosystem health and stability and are essential for human well-being.
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