Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 34-48 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 38 Figure 2 The schematic representation of immune responses using physical and physiological barriers upon infection in mosquitoes (Kumar et al, 2018) Note: MIB: midgut-infection barrier (pathogens establish an infection in the midgut epithelium and replicate in the midgut epithelial cells); MEB: midgut-escape barrier (pathogens pass through the basal lamina and replicate in other organs and tissues); SGIB: salivary gland infection barrier; SGEB: salivary gland escape barrier (these transmission barriers infect the salivary gland and escape into the lumen of the salivary gland) Research suggests that certain microorganisms may influence the blood-sucking behavior of mosquitoes towards their hosts by modulating their immune system. Activation of the immune system may lead mosquitoes to engage in more frequent blood-sucking in order to obtain sufficient nutrients to maintain the activity of their immune system. This change in behavior may have profound effects on mosquito-host interactions and the efficiency of disease transmission. 3.2 Microbial impacts on mosquito populations and ecosystems Microorganisms affect mosquito populations and entire ecosystems by influencing their survival and reproduction and, in turn, their impact on mosquito populations. Mosquitoes are keystone species in many ecosystems, and their population size and distribution are important for the balance of the entire ecosystem. Microorganisms may have an indirect effect on the size and structure of mosquito populations by influencing ecological parameters such as mosquito life cycle and reproductive success. This effect may be transmitted to the whole ecosystem by changing the interrelationships between mosquitoes and other organisms, the structure of the food chain, and so on. 3.3 Influence of microorganisms on mosquito competition and adaptation Microorganisms may also have an effect on mosquito competition and adaptation. In the same ecosystem, different species of mosquitoes may compete with other mosquito populations for resources, including food, breeding sites, and so on. Microorganisms may affect the competitiveness of mosquitoes in an ecosystem by influencing their ecological traits, such as feeding behavior and egg-laying habits. Microorganisms may also affect mosquito adaptations. When faced with stresses such as environmental change and climate fluctuations, microorganisms may increase the adaptability of mosquitoes to environmental change by regulating their physiological state, gene expression, and other aspects. This increased adaptability may have profound effects on mosquito survival, reproduction and population evolution. 4 Applications of Microorganisms in Mosquito Control 4.1 Application of mosquito ecology management using microorganisms Eco-friendly mosquito control methods have become a hotspot for research and practice, and microorganisms, as a natural means of control, show great potential to realize mosquito control in the ecosystem. Biological control is a method that utilizes natural biological factors such as natural enemies, parasites, and pathogens to control pests (Qin et al., 2022). In the mosquito ecosystem, microorganisms play a key role in this
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