Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14 https://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr © 2024 EmtoSci Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved.
Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14 https://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr © 2024 EmtoSci Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved. Publisher EmtoSci Publisher Edited by Editorial Team of Journal of Mosquito Research Email: edit@jmr.emtoscipublisher.com Website: https://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr Address: 11388 Stevenston Hwy, PO Box 96016, Richmond, V7A 5J5, British Columbia Canada Journal of Mosquito Research (ISSN 1927-646X) is an open access, peer reviewed journal published online by EmtoSci Publisher. The journal is publishing high quality original research on all aspects of mosquito and its affecting the living organisms, as well as environmental risk and public policy relevant to mosquito modified organisms. Topics include (but are not limited to) the research at molecular or protein level of mosquito, impact on the ecosystem, containing positive and negative information, natural history of mosquito, also publishing innovative research findings in the basic and applied fields of mosquito and novel techniques for improvement, as well as the significant evaluation of its related application field. All the articles published in Journal of Mosquito Research are Open Access, and are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. EmtoSci Publisher uses CrossCheck service to identify academic plagiarism through the world’s leading plagiarism prevention tool, iParadigms, and to protect the original authors’ copyrights. EmtoSci Publisher is an international Open Access publisher specializing in entomology, insect science, and mosquito-related research registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group (SPG), founded in British Columbia of Canada. .
Journal of Mosquito Research (online), 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1 ISSN 1927-646X https://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr © 2024 EmtoSci Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved. Latest Content The Interaction between Aedes aegypti Gut Microbiota and Dengue Fever Virus Yulin Zhou Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1-9 The Impact of Releasing Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Edited by CRISPR in The Wild on Local Ecosystems Jinni Wu, Tianhui Li Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 10-17 Comparative Analysis of Dengue and Zika Virus Transmissibility in Primates Jia Xuan Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 18-25 Optimization of Gene-driven Release Strategies for Culex quinquefasciatus Based on Ecological Models Yulin Zhou Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 26-33 The Potential Impact of Microorganisms on Mosquito Behavior Yijia Jiang Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 34-48 Potential Effects of Rhodococcus erythropolis on Other Insects in Mosquito Control Yi Xu, Ying Lin Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 49-60
Review and Progress The Interaction between Aedes aegypti Yulin Zhou Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, China Corresponding author email: 177242186@qq.com Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: Received: 01 Nov., 2023 Accepted: 10 Dec., 2023 Published: 01 Jan., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Zhou, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Preferred citation for this article: Zhou Y.L., 2024, The The interaction between A 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0001) Abstract This study aims to explore the mutual influence between the gut microbiota of fever virus. Through the analysis of microbial communities in regions, significant differences in microbial composition were observed. Further research indicates microbial diversity and the level of dengue fever virus infection in mosquitoes, suggesting a potentially crucial role of the in host immune regulation. Experimental evidence reveals that some microbes may positivel the dengue fever virus by activating the mosquito's immune system and producing antiviral substances. The final results demon a significant influence of the microbiota on the efficiency of dengue fever virus tr of the interplay between Aedes aegypti and the dengue fever virus, providing new research directions for future vector control. Keywords Aedes aegypti mosquitoes; Interaction; Microbial community; Dengue fever virus; Vector control Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, the main vector of which is the aegypti mosquito, which is considered to be an efficient transmi to urban environments, its diurnal activity, and its dependence on human blood. With global climate change and the impact of human activities, the distribution of the global health concerns. An in-depth understanding of the interactions between dengue viruses is essential for the development of effective vector control strategies (Zhang et al., 2023). Microorganisms are integral components of ecosystems, and their diversity and functionality play a key role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. In nature, microorganisms exist in a variety of environments, including soil, water and organisms. They are invol cycling and host immune regulation. They play a central role in nutrient cycling, biodiversity maintenance, and energy conversion, and provide indispensable support for the health and stability of in-depth understanding of the functions and interrelationships of microorganisms in ecosystems is of great significance in maintaining the ecological balance of the earth and promoting sustainable development. A deep understanding of the role of microorganisms in ecosystems helps to reveal their functions and impacts in different organisms. Significant progress has been made in the study of interaction between their gut microbes a 2019). Gut microbes of mosquitoes can influence their immune system, physiological status, and ability to be infected by viruses. Understanding how microbes regulate host understanding of dengue transmission mechanisms and for finding new avenues for vector control. Previous studies have revealed the potential role of microbes in other mosquito and malaria. By drawing on these findings, the potential mechanisms by which gut microbes of the mosquito influence dengue virus transmission were identified. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will not only help reduce the risk of dengue transm disease control. From basic research to applied practice, in Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 1 Gut Microbiota and Dengue Fever Virus 177242186@qq.com oi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0001 This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Aedes aegypti gut microbiota and dengue fever virus, Journal of Mosquito Research Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti mosquito populations from different geographical regions, significant differences in microbial composition were observed. Further research indicates a certain correlation between in host immune regulation. Experimental evidence reveals that some microbes may positively impact inhibiting the transmission of a significant influence of the microbiota on the efficiency of dengue fever virus transmission. This study deepens our understanding mosquito, which is considered to be an efficient transmitter of dengue viruses due to its high adaptability Aedes aegypti mosquitoes has expanded, ma depth understanding of the interactions between Aedes aegypti e integral components of ecosystems, and their diversity and functionality play a key role in including soil, water and organisms. They are involved in a variety of ecological processes, such as material energy conversion, and provide indispensable support for the health and stability of the entire ecosystem. An depth understanding of the functions and interrelationships of microorganisms in ecosystems is of great of the role of microorganisms in ecosystems helps to reveal their functions and impacts in different Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and dengue viruses, but the interaction between their gut microbes and dengue viruses remains an incompletely explored area (Sun et al., infected by viruses. Understanding how microbes regulate host-dengue virus interactions is crucial for a deeper Previous studies have revealed the potential role of microbes in other mosquito-borne diseases, such as Zika virus . By drawing on these findings, the potential mechanisms by which gut microbes of the not only help reduce the risk of dengue transmission, but also provide new ideas for global mosquito disease control. From basic research to applied practice, in-depth exploration in this area is important for 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 Open Access Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted , Journal of Mosquito Research, 14(1): 1-9 (doi: aegypti mosquitoes and dengue a certain correlation between microbial diversity and the level of dengue fever virus infection in mosquitoes, suggesting a potentially crucial role of the microbiota y impact inhibiting the transmission of the dengue fever virus by activating the mosquito's immune system and producing antiviral substances. The final results demonstrate ansmission. This study deepens our understanding Aedes tter of dengue viruses due to its high adaptability mosquitoes has expanded, making dengue one of mosquitoes and ved in a variety of ecological processes, such as material the entire ecosystem. An nd dengue viruses remains an incompletely explored area (Sun et al., eractions is crucial for a deeper borne diseases, such as Zika virus Aedes aegypti ission, but also provide new ideas for global mosquito-borne depth exploration in this area is important for
developing more effective disease prevention strategies and promoting global public he The aim of this study is to investigate the interrelationships between viruses, and to provide a scientific basis for future prevention and control efforts through in potential impact of microbes on dengue transmission. Research in this field will bring new insights into several fields, including ecology, virology and public health, and contribute to global dengue control. 1 Diversity of Gut Microbiota in 1.1 Structure and function of microbial communities The gut microbial community of Aedes aegypti microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses (Figure 1). These microorganisms form a unique ecosystem in the host's gut and perform important physiological and ecological functions. Figure 1 Intestinal microbiota (Image source: Baidu Image Library) The structure of microbial communities has a profound effect on the physiological functions of (Yue, 2023). For example, some bacteria may be involved in food digestion and nutrient absorption in the host, directly affecting mosquito growth and development. At the same time, microorganisms may also play a role in antimicrobial defense, helping the host to fight agai The function of microbial communities extends to the regulation of the host's immune system. Some microbes may influence pathogen infestation by activating or suppressing host immune responses. This immunomodulatory role has important implications for whether 1.2 Factors affecting microbial diversity The diversity of microbial communities is influenced by a number of factors, some of which are environmental while others are host factors. Environmental factors include temperature, humidity, food availability in the habitat, etc., and these conditions will directly affect the reproduction and survival of microorganisms.The microbial communities of Aedes aegypti may also vary in diff climate and vegetation. Host factors likewise have an impact on microbial diversity. For example, the genetic background of aegypti may influence its tolerance of specific microorganisms and The physiological state of the host, such as blood ingestion and egg development, may also regulate microbial ecology to some extent. 1.3 Symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and hosts There is a symbiotic relationship between reproduction of the host (Figure 2). Microbes provide multifaceted support to the host, including assisting in food digestion, antimicrobial defense, and im relatively stable environment for microbes to survive, which facilitates their reproduction and spread. Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 2 developing more effective disease prevention strategies and promoting global public health. Aedes aegypti gut microbes and dengue es on dengue transmission. Research in this field will bring new insights into several Aedes aegypti of microbial communities is a complex ecosystem composed of a wide range of erform important physiological and ecological functions. example, some bacteria may be involved in food digestion and nutrient absorption in the host, antimicrobial defense, helping the host to fight against potential pathogens. ant implications for whether Aedes aegypti can successfully transmit dengue virus. factors. Environmental factors include temperature, humidity, food availability in the habitat, may also vary in different geographical areas, which may be related to the local may influence its tolerance of specific microorganisms and thus the structure of the microbial community. biotic relationship between Aedes aegypti and its gut microbes that is critical to the survival and digestion, antimicrobial defense, and immunomodulation (Xiao, 2023). Meanwhile, Aedes aegypti 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 alth. viruses, and to provide a scientific basis for future prevention and control efforts through in-depth study of the Aedes aegypti erent geographical areas, which may be related to the local Aedes thus the structure of the microbial community. provides a
Figure 2 Aedes aegypti mosquito (Image source: Baidu Image Library) The study of this symbiotic relationship helps to gain insight into the ecological adaptations of its ability to adapt to different environments. Understanding the positive effects of microorganisms on their hosts is expected to provide new ideas for the plasticity of the symbiotic relationship are still issues that need to be studied in depth, which will contribute to a better understanding of the interaction mechanisms between micro The diversity of gut microorganisms in and function of the microbial community and the symbiotic relationship with the host. An in area will help to reveal the role of microbes in the ecology of understanding for future prevention and control strategies. The understanding of microbial diversity will also provide useful references for research in 2 The Spread of Dengue Fever Virus in 2.1 The lifecycle of viruses The dengue virus life cycle undergoes several key steps in usually a patient with dengue fever. When this patient is bitten by an infected mosquito's body. Inside the mosquito, the virus first needs to overcome the mosquito's defenses, inc enzymes in the saliva and defense reactions in the abdomen. Figure 3 Dengue virus (Image source: Baidu Image Library) Once the dengue virus has successfully entered the mosquito's body, it will enter the mosquito's intestine. In the gut, the virus will interact with the mosquito's intestinal cells to begin the next stage of its life cycle. The virus will replicate in the gut cells and enter the mosquito's internal circulatory system through its body fluids. Over time, the virus spreads throughout t deposited in the mosquito's salivary glands, ready to be transmitted to the next host through a bite. 2.2 Host virus interaction The host's immune system plays a crucial role in the in (Souza-Neto et al., 2019). The mosquito's immune system recognizes and fights the invading virus, a complex and Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 3 symbiotic relationship helps to gain insight into the ecological adaptations of is expected to provide new ideas for the future regulation of mosquito-borne diseases. Notably, the stability and better understanding of the interaction mechanisms between microbes and Aedes aegypti. Aedes aegypti is a comprehensive research topic, implicating the structure ll help to reveal the role of microbes in the ecology of Aedes aegypti and provide a more comprehensive provide useful references for research in other areas of vector biology. Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti (Figure 3). The source of infection is Aedes aegypti will interact with the mosquito's intestinal cells to begin the next stage of its life cycle. The virus Over time, the virus spreads throughout the mosquito's body, affecting multiple organs. Eventually, the virus is The host's immune system plays a crucial role in the interaction between Aedes aegypti Neto et al., 2019). The mosquito's immune system recognizes and fights the invading virus, a complex and 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 Aedes aegypti and borne diseases. Notably, the stability and and function of the microbial community and the symbiotic relationship with the host. An in-depth study of this , the virus enters the mosquito's body. Inside the mosquito, the virus first needs to overcome the mosquito's defenses, including he mosquito's body, affecting multiple organs. Eventually, the virus is and dengue virus
sophisticated line of defense. Dengue viruses have also evolved multiple mechanisms to evade th response. On the one hand, the dengue virus is able to suppress the mosquito's immune system, slowing down the host's resistance to the virus. On the other hand, the host's immune system is also able to recognize and remove infected cells, limiting the spread of the virus in the mosquito. The complexity of this host the efficiency of dengue virus transmission in Figure 4 Host-virus interaction (Image source: Baidu Image Library) The physiological state of the mosquito also has an impact on the spread of the virus. For example, mosquito lifespan, food intake, and the developmental state of the eggs may affect virus spread. The success of the virus in entering the mosquito's salivary glands directly affects 2.3 The replication and spread mechanism of viruses The replication and spread of dengue virus in Once inside the mosquito's gut cells, the virus utilizes host cell mechanisms to begin replication. This involves multiple steps of viral RNA replication, protein synthesis, and other steps that require highly coordinated host-virus interactions. As the virus replicates, a large number of virus particles will accumulate in the infected cells. These viral particles will enter the body fluids of the mosquito through the cellular release mechanism and subsequently spread to other parts of the mosquito. This process of replication and s immune system (Long et al., 2022). The spread of the virus is not limited to the mosquito's body, but also involves how the virus enters the mosquito's salivary glands in preparation for transmis number of factors such as the host's immune response and the rate of viral replication. A virus that successfully enters the salivary glands will greatly increase its chances of transmi Dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti and spread mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2019). An in developing effective dengue prevention and control strategies. By revealing the interrelationship between the virus and mosquitoes, it is expected to find ways to intervene in the transmission process and provide new ideas to reduce dengue cases. This study will also provide a useful reference for other mosquito 3 The Impact of Microorganisms on Dengue Fever Virus 3.1 Positive impact: the antiviral effect of microorganisms Aedes aegypti Gut microbes may have a positive effect on dengue virus, with the antiviral effects of microbes being an area of interest. Several studies have suggested that gut microbes may protect against dengue virus by activating the host's immune system or by produ Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 4 virus in the mosquito. The complexity of this host-virus interaction directly affects Aedes aegypti (Figure 4). virus interaction (Image source: Baidu Image Library) the mosquito also has an impact on the spread of the virus. For example, mosquito entering the mosquito's salivary glands directly affects its ability to be transmitted to a new host through the bite. Aedes aegypti involves the interaction of multiple cells and tissues. gut cells, the virus utilizes host cell mechanisms to begin replication. This involves mber of virus particles will accumulate in the infected cells. These viral particles parts of the mosquito. This process of replication and spread is a dynamic equilibrium that is regulated by the host salivary glands in preparation for transmission to a new host through a bite. This process may be influenced by a enters the salivary glands will greatly increase its chances of transmission, completing the life cycle of the virus. involves a complex life cycle, host-virus interactions, and replication and spread mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2019). An in-depth understanding of these processes is cr This study will also provide a useful reference for other mosquito-borne diseases. activating the host's immune system or by producing antimicrobial substances. 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 sophisticated line of defense. Dengue viruses have also evolved multiple mechanisms to evade the host's immune virus interaction directly affects its ability to be transmitted to a new host through the bite. pread is a dynamic equilibrium that is regulated by the host sion to a new host through a bite. This process may be influenced by a ssion, completing the life cycle of the virus. virus interactions, and replication depth understanding of these processes is crucial for borne diseases.
Microorganisms may enhance resistance to dengue virus by activating the host immune response. This may include mechanisms such as modulating the expression of antiviral genes in the host and enhancing the activity of immune cells. By interacting with the host's immune system, microorganisms form a symbiotic relationship that results in a synergistic defense against dengue virus infection. Microorganisms may produce substances with direct antiviral activity. This may include an antiviral proteins, and other substances that directly interfere with the life cycle of the virus, impeding its replication and spread. By releasing these antiviral substances, microorganisms provide additional protection to the host and reduce the efficiency of dengue virus transmission in mosquitoes. 3.2 Negative impact: the promoting effect of microorganisms on virus transmission Contrary to the positive effects, gut microbes may also have a negative impact on the spread of dengue v Some microorganisms may be found to promote the replication and spread of the virus, thereby increasing the risk of dengue transmission. Microorganisms may facilitate virus transmission by influencing the host's immune system. Certain microorganisms may inhibit the host's antiviral immune response, providing a more favorable environment for dengue virus. This inhibitory effect may involve microorganisms interfering with the activity of host immune cells, slowing down or hindering the expression of ant Microbes may facilitate virus transmission by affecting the physiological state of mosquitoes. Some microorganisms may alter mosquito feeding habits, reproductive behaviors, etc., resulti more likely to bite multiple hosts, thereby increasing the chances of dengue virus transmission (Lee et al., 2018). This microbial modulation of host behavior may involve multiple effects on the nervous system, hormone levels, etc. 3.3 Possible mechanisms and molecular basis The possible mechanisms and molecular basis are key to understanding the impact of microbes on dengue viruses. In terms of positive effects, researchers may focus on the types of antimicrobial substances produced and the mechanisms of action. This may involve the host immune pathways activated by particular microbial strains, the molecular structure of the antiviral substances produced, etc. In terms of negative effects, researchers may study how microb immune system. This may include immunosuppressive molecules produced by microbes, secreted substances that affect host cell signaling pathways, and so on. Researchers may also focus on the mechanisms by regulate the physiological state of mosquitoes, including effects on neuromodulation and hormone levels. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms and molecular basis will help to reveal the specific details of microbial interactions with dengue viruses and provide a more targeted approach for future prevention and control strategies. The influence of gut microbes on dengue virus is a complex and multilayered issue involving both positive and negative effects. An in-depth study of the mechan new perspectives and strategies for dengue prevention and control. Understanding the effects of microorganisms on dengue viruses will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the field o research. 4 Experimental Methods and Research Design 4.1 Collecting and analyzing samples of Sample Collection: Aedes aegypti mosquito populations from different geographic areas were selected and microbial samples were collected by isolating gut tissues. Specimen collection was to be done under similar environmental conditions to minimize the influence of environmental factors Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 5 ells. By interacting with the host's immune system, microorganisms form a symbiotic relationship that and reduce the efficiency of dengue virus transmission in mosquitoes. may inhibit the host's antiviral immune response, providing a more favorable environment for slowing down or hindering the expression of antiviral genes, and thus weakening the host's resistance to the virus. .3 Possible mechanisms and molecular basis In terms of negative effects, researchers may study how microbes interfere with the normal functioning of the host engue viruses and provide a more targeted approach for future prevention and control depth study of the mechanisms and molecular basis of these effects is expected to provide on dengue viruses will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the field of mosquito Aedes aegypti gut microbiota environmental conditions to minimize the influence of environmental factors on the microbial community. 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 Microorganisms may produce substances with direct antiviral activity. This may include antimicrobial peptides, Contrary to the positive effects, gut microbes may also have a negative impact on the spread of dengue virus. iviral genes, and thus weakening the host's resistance to the virus. microorganisms may alter mosquito feeding habits, reproductive behaviors, etc., resulting in mosquitoes being In terms of positive effects, researchers may focus on the types of antimicrobial substances produced by microbes es interfere with the normal functioning of the host affect host cell signaling pathways, and so on. Researchers may also focus on the mechanisms by which microbes isms and molecular basis of these effects is expected to provide f mosquito-borne disease on the microbial community.
DNA Extraction and Sequencing: microbial DNA was extracted from the samples using standard DNA extraction methods. microbial communities were analyzed by high sequencing) to obtain information on the diversity and structure of gut microorganisms. Microbial Diversity Analysis: Sequencing data were processed using bioinformatics tools, including OTU clustering, species annotation, etc., to analyze the diversity and composition o aegypti (Zhang et al., 2023). Statistical Analysis: the use of statistical methods to compare the characteristics of microbial communities in different regions, seasons, or populations to determine the factors that influence m 4.2 Experimental design for virus transmission Experimental Formation: Aedes aegypti into experimental and control groups. The gut microorganisms of the mosquitoes known, while the microorganisms of the mosquitoes in the control group were sterilized to exclude microbial influences on virus transmission. Infection Procedure: Infect experimental and control mosquitoes using dengue virus degree of infection is similar and that the spread and replication of the virus can be monitored by methods such as real-time fluorescent PCR. Bite Experiment: experimental and control mosquitoes were bitten with uninfected mice t virus transmission under natural conditions. Virus levels in the serum of mice were monitored to assess the effect of mosquito microbes on virus transmission. Statistical Analysis: The potential role of microorganisms in virus differences in virus transmission between experimental and control groups using appropriate statistical methods. 4.3 Data analysis methods Microbial Data Analysis: 16S rRNA sequencing data were preliminarily processed as Qiime and mothur, including sequence quality control, OTU clustering, and species annotation. Diversity and structure of microbial communities were assessed by calculating index) and β-diversity analysis (e.g. PCoA). Analysis of viral transmission data: Real virus in the experimental and control groups. Differences between the two groups were compared by methods (e.g. t-test, ANOVA). Correlation Analysis: Correlation analysis of microbial community and virus transmission data to explore the interrelationships between microbes and dengue viruses. Correlation coefficients, heat maps, and other me can be used to show potential associations between microbes and viruses. Regression Analysis: Regression analysis of factors affecting microbial diversity and virus transmission to examine their impact on experimental results. Relevant models can be regression and other methods. Statistical Software: use statistical software such as R, Python, etc. to process and analyze data, and draw graphs and charts to clearly present experimental results. This comprehensive experimental approach and study design is expected to provide an in the effects of Aedes aegypti gut microbes on dengue virus and provide a scientific basis for future prevention and control strategies (Franklinos et al., 2019 mechanisms of microbial-dengue virus interactions in a more comprehensive manner. Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 6 methods. microbial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing techniques (e.g., 16S rRNA gene obtain information on the diversity and structure of gut microorganisms. clustering, species annotation, etc., to analyze the diversity and composition of gut microorganisms in different regions, seasons, or populations to determine the factors that influence microbial diversity. mosquito population infected with dengue virus was selected and divided into experimental and control groups. The gut microorganisms of the mosquitoes in the experimental group were Statistical Analysis: The potential role of microorganisms in virus transmission was examined by comparing Microbial Data Analysis: 16S rRNA sequencing data were preliminarily processed using bioinformatics tools such α-diversity indices (e.g. Shannon index, Chao1 diversity analysis (e.g. PCoA). Analysis of viral transmission data: Real-time PCR data were used to analyze the spread and replication of dengue examine their impact on experimental results. Relevant models can be established using linear regression, logistic ensive experimental approach and study design is expected to provide an in control strategies (Franklinos et al., 2019). Such a meticulous experimental design will help to reveal the dengue virus interactions in a more comprehensive manner. 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 throughput sequencing techniques (e.g., 16S rRNA gene f gut microorganisms in Aedes icrobial diversity. in the experimental group were Infection Procedure: Infect experimental and control mosquitoes using dengue virus cultures. Ensure that the Bite Experiment: experimental and control mosquitoes were bitten with uninfected mice to simulate the process of transmission was examined by comparing using bioinformatics tools such diversity indices (e.g. Shannon index, Chao1 time PCR data were used to analyze the spread and replication of dengue virus in the experimental and control groups. Differences between the two groups were compared by statistical interrelationships between microbes and dengue viruses. Correlation coefficients, heat maps, and other methods established using linear regression, logistic ensive experimental approach and study design is expected to provide an in-depth understanding of ). Such a meticulous experimental design will help to reveal the
5 Research Results and Discussion 5.1 Experimental evidence of microbial interactions between Experimental evidence on microbial effects on the interaction of through experimental design and data analysis. In terms of microbial effects on the gut of significant differences in microbial communities were found in geographic regions. This provides a basis for further research on microbe In mosquito populations infected with dengue virus, a correlation w microorganisms and the level of virus infection. The abundance of some microorganisms was negatively correlated with the level of virus in mosquitoes, suggesting that these microorganisms may have the potential to inhibit dengue virus transmission (Chen et al., 2023). This finding supports the positive regulatory effect of microorganisms on the host immune system. Further experimental evidence showed that dengue virus transmission was significantly reduced in microbially modulated mosquitoes. Compared with the control group, the viral infection rate and replication rate were slowed down in the experimental group, demonstrating the important role of microorganisms in resisting dengue virus attack. This provides an experimental basis for exploring microbial regulatory strategies to slow down dengue transmission. 5.2 Interpretation of results and possible mechanisms Interpretation of the results involves possible mechanisms of microbial interaction with the dengue virus. Microorganisms may inhibit virus transmission by activating the immune system of mosquitoes. Some microorganisms may cause the activation of host immune cells and enhance their resistance to the virus, thereby reducing the rate of infection by the virus. Antiviral substances produced by microorganisms may be important in inhibiting the spread of dengue virus. These antiviral substances may directly affect the replication and spreading process of the virus, slowing down the spread of the virus in mosquitoes. Thr antiviral strategies will be found. The influence of microorganisms on the physiological state of mosquitoes may also be an important mechanism for inhibiting virus transmission. Some microorganisms may modulate mosquito feeding behavior, reproductive activities, etc., leading to changes in mosquito biting behavior and thus reducing the chance of dengue virus transmission. An in-depth understanding of this mechanism will provide new control strategies. 5.3 Comparison with previous studies The results of this study were compared with previous related studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the microbial impact on the interaction of several studies, a correlation was found between the diversity of the microbial community and the level of virus in mosquitoes. This supports the role of microbes in modulating the host immune system. Some of the differences from other studies are the in virus transmission. Comparisons between experimental and control groups provided more concrete evidence that the presence of microorganisms can significa provides a new research direction for the use of microorganisms in vector control. In addition, this study highlights that antiviral substances produced by microorganisms may be an impor mechanism influencing dengue virus transmission. This provides useful insights for the development of future vaccines or antiviral drugs. By comparing with previous studies, the research on the mechanism of virus interactions fills some gaps and provides a new impetus for further exploration in this field. Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 7 Aedes aegypti and dengue fever virus Aedes aegypti with dengue virus was obtained ences in microbial communities were found in Aedes aegypti mosquito populations from different geographic regions. This provides a basis for further research on microbe-host relationships. In mosquito populations infected with dengue virus, a correlation was observed between the diversity of it dengue virus transmission (Chen et al., 2023). This finding supports the positive regulatory effect of ntal basis for exploring microbial regulatory strategies to slow down dengue oorganisms may inhibit virus transmission by activating the immune system of mosquitoes. Some iral substances produced by microorganisms may be important in inhibiting the spread of dengue virus. spread of the virus in mosquitoes. Through in-depth study of these substances, it is expected that more targeted me microorganisms may modulate mosquito feeding behavior, reproductive depth understanding of this mechanism will provide new ideas for future prevention and Aedes aegypti with dengue virus. Consistent with differences from other studies are the in-depth examination of the direct effect of microorganisms on the presence of microorganisms can significantly affect the efficiency of dengue virus transmission. This finding By comparing with previous studies, the research on the mechanism of 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 nd dengue fever virus Aedes aegypti, host relationships. as observed between the diversity of depth study of these substances, it is expected that more targeted ideas for future prevention and depth examination of the direct effect of microorganisms on ntly affect the efficiency of dengue virus transmission. This finding In addition, this study highlights that antiviral substances produced by microorganisms may be an important By comparing with previous studies, the research on the mechanism of microbial-dengue
This study provides insight into the effect of microorganisms on the interaction of virus through experimental evidence. The results suggest that microorganisms may affect mosquito infection rates and virus transmission efficiency through multiple mechanisms. This in scientific basis for developing new vector control strategies in between microorganisms and dengue viruses, it is expected to provide a more effective means of preventing vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever. 6 Summary and Outlook This study provides insights into the microbial effects on the interaction of reveals a series of key findings that confirm significant microbial community differences in mosquito populations from different geographic regions (Li et al., 2 microbial diversity and function in mosquitoes. Further analyses showed a correlation between microbial diversity and the level of dengue virus infection in mosquitoes, emphasizing the potential impact of micro immune system. The effect of microorganisms on dengue virus infection in mosquitoes was studied in depth. It was shown through experimental evidence that some microorganisms may inhibit dengue virus transmission by activating the mosquito immune system and producing antiviral substances. This provides a new idea for future vector control, which can be done by adjusting the microbial community to increase the resistance of mosquitoes to dengue virus. By comparing the experimental and control microorganisms can significantly affect the transmission efficiency of dengue virus. This finding provides strong support for the use of microorganisms in vector control and provides an experimental basis fo new prevention and control strategies. On the basis of summarizing the research findings, future research and applications are envisioned to better utilize microbial resources for dengue prevention and control. Future studies can furth between microbes and their hosts, especially the mechanisms of microbial regulation of the mosquito immune system. By analyzing these mechanisms, more targeted microbial regulatory strategies can be designed to optimize the mosquito's immune system and improve its ability to resist dengue virus. The identification and characterization of antiviral substances produced by microorganisms remains an important research direction. Understanding the structure, function and mech antiviral drugs and provide new directions for the treatment of dengue fever. Future research should also focus on the mechanism of microbial influence on mosquito behavior. Through in mosquito feeding habits, lifespan, reproduction and other behaviors, more targeted control strategies can be designed to reduce the frequency of mosquito bites, thereby slowing down the rate of virus transmission. In terms of applications, the introduction or modification of microorganisms may involve a range of ecological and environmental issues. Future research needs to integrate the ecological impacts of microorganisms, potential risks, and effects on non-target organism applications. In summary, this study provides new ideas for the application of microorganisms in dengue prevention and control, and points out the direction for future research and appli mechanism between microorganisms and dengue virus, it is expected to provide more comprehensive and innovative solutions for the prevention and control of vector References Chen C.C., Liang H.K., Zhong S.H., Lu Y.H., and Li L.Q., 2023, Establishment and preliminary evaluation of chemiluminescence immunoass rapid detection of dengue virus ns1 antigen in serum, Xiandai Jianyan Yixue Zazhi (Journal of Modern Laboratory Medic Franklinos L.H.V., Jones K.E., Redding D.W., and Abubakar P.I., 2019, The effect of global change on mosquito 19(9): e302-e312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30161-6 Lee H., Halverson S., and Ezinwa N., 2018, Mosquito https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2018.05.001 Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 8 Aedes aegypti evidence. The results suggest that microorganisms may affect mosquito infection rates and virus transmission efficiency through multiple mechanisms. This in-depth study provides an important scientific basis for developing new vector control strategies in the future. By understanding the interrelationship borne diseases such as dengue fever. the microbial effects on the interaction of Aedes aegypti mosquito populations from different geographic regions (Li et al., 2023). This provides a basis for understanding mmune system and producing antiviral substances. This provides a new idea for future to dengue virus. By comparing the experimental and control groups, it was demonstrated that the presence of microbial resources for dengue prevention and control. Future studies can further delve into the interrelationships the mosquito's immune system and improve its ability to resist dengue virus. The identification and Understanding the structure, function and mechanism of action of these substances can help design more effective the mechanism of microbial influence on mosquito behavior. Through in-depth study of how microbes regulate target organisms to ensure the feasibility and safety of microorganisms in practical and points out the direction for future research and application. Through a deeper understanding of the interaction innovative solutions for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. , Liang H.K., Zhong S.H., Lu Y.H., and Li L.Q., 2023, Establishment and preliminary evaluation of chemiluminescence immunoass Franklinos L.H.V., Jones K.E., Redding D.W., and Abubakar P.I., 2019, The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease, The Lancet infectious diseases, 6 Lee H., Halverson S., and Ezinwa N., 2018, Mosquito-borne diseases, Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 45(3): 393-407. 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 with dengue depth study provides an important the future. By understanding the interrelationship with dengue virus and Aedes aegypti 023). This provides a basis for understanding and the level of dengue virus infection in mosquitoes, emphasizing the potential impact of microbes on the host groups, it was demonstrated that the presence of support for the use of microorganisms in vector control and provides an experimental basis for the development of er delve into the interrelationships anism of action of these substances can help design more effective h study of how microbes regulate s to ensure the feasibility and safety of microorganisms in practical cation. Through a deeper understanding of the interaction , Liang H.K., Zhong S.H., Lu Y.H., and Li L.Q., 2023, Establishment and preliminary evaluation of chemiluminescence immunoassay method for rapid detection of dengue virus ns1 antigen in serum, Xiandai Jianyan Yixue Zazhi (Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine), 38(3): 176-179194. borne disease, The Lancet infectious diseases, 407.
Li Q., Sun L.H., Jiang J.H., Chen J.M., Guo J.L., Gao L.M., and Zhang H.Q., 2023, Stocking densities on growth, antioxidant e microbiota of hybrid of culter alburnus×megalobrama terminalis in ipra system, 479-487. Long Y.F., Kwoon-Ho Chow S., Cui C., Wong R.M.Y., Qin L., Law S.W., and Cheung W.H., 2022, Regulation of mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium by physical exercise in sarcopenia: a systematic review, Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 35: 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2022.06.003 Souza-Neto J.A., Powell J.R., and Bonizzoni M., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.009 Sun P.L., Cui C.L., Song H.S., and Wang S.B., 2019, Toll receptors are involved in anti anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae), Kunchong Xuebao (Acta Entomologica Sinica), 62(8): 937 Xiao X.X., 2023, On the perfection of the mechanism of microbial intellectual property protection, Keji Guanli Yanjiu (Scienc Research), 43(9): 146-152. Yuan Y.J., Liu X.B., Guo Y.H., Zhao N., Ren D.S., and Liu Q.Y., 2023, Spatio 2020-2022, Huanjing Weishengxue Zazhi (Journal of Environmental Hygiene), 13( Zhang H., Yu Q., Zhu Y.B., and Cheng G., 2023, Research progress on the control of mosquito Zhang X.J., Zhao P.X., Mawulikplimi Adzavon Y., Li Q.J., and Xie F., 2019, Progress o Shengwu Jishu Jinzhan (Current Biotechnology), 9(3): 231 Zhang Y.K., Zhang M.L., Xie N.N., and Bai X., 2023, Oat bran regulates gut microbes and antioxidant properties in obese peopl Xuebao (Journal of Chinese Institute Of Food Science and Technology), 23(5): 59 Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 9 megalobrama terminalis in ipra system, Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao (Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica), 47(3): Ho Chow S., Cui C., Wong R.M.Y., Qin L., Law S.W., and Cheung W.H., 2022, Regulation of mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium by ic review, Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 35: 37-52. Neto J.A., Powell J.R., and Bonizzoni M., 2019, Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review, Infection, genetics and evolution, 67: 191 Sun P.L., Cui C.L., Song H.S., and Wang S.B., 2019, Toll receptors are involved in anti-microbial response and gut microbiota homeostasis in the malaria vecto anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae), Kunchong Xuebao (Acta Entomologica Sinica), 62(8): 937-947. Yuan Y.J., Liu X.B., Guo Y.H., Zhao N., Ren D.S., and Liu Q.Y., 2023, Spatio-temporal distribution and environmental factors of dengue fever in china, 2022, Huanjing Weishengxue Zazhi (Journal of Environmental Hygiene), 13(5): 341-345. Zhang H., Yu Q., Zhu Y.B., and Cheng G., 2023, Research progress on the control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases by skin microbial volatiles, 4(1): 1 Zhang X.J., Zhao P.X., Mawulikplimi Adzavon Y., Li Q.J., and Xie F., 2019, Progress on interaction mechanism between EBV and TLRs signaling pathways, Shengwu Jishu Jinzhan (Current Biotechnology), 9(3): 231-239. Xuebao (Journal of Chinese Institute Of Food Science and Technology), 23(5): 59-68. 4, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 Li Q., Sun L.H., Jiang J.H., Chen J.M., Guo J.L., Gao L.M., and Zhang H.Q., 2023, Stocking densities on growth, antioxidant enzyme activities and intestinal Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao (Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica), 47(3): iew, Infection, genetics and evolution, 67: 191-209. microbial response and gut microbiota homeostasis in the malaria vector Xiao X.X., 2023, On the perfection of the mechanism of microbial intellectual property protection, Keji Guanli Yanjiu (Science and Technology Management temporal distribution and environmental factors of dengue fever in china, borne infectious diseases by skin microbial volatiles, 4(1): 1-5. n interaction mechanism between EBV and TLRs signaling pathways, Zhang Y.K., Zhang M.L., Xie N.N., and Bai X., 2023, Oat bran regulates gut microbes and antioxidant properties in obese people in vitro, Zhongguo Shiping
Journal of Mosquito Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 10-17 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 10 Research Report Open Access The Impact of Releasing Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Edited by CRISPR in the Wild on Local Ecosystems Jinni Wu, Tianhui Li Insect Breeding and Biotesting Laboratory, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, China Corresponding author email: 2984078657@qq.com Journal of Mosquito Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0002 Received: 03 Nov., 2023 Accepted: 13 Dec., 2023 Published: 03 Jan., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wu and Li, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wu J.N., and Li T.H., 2024, The impact of releasing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes edited by CRISPR in the wild on local ecosystems, Journal of Mosquito Research, 14(1): 10-17 (doi: 10.5376/jmr.2024.14.0002) Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impacts of releasing CRISPR-edited Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the wild on local ecosystems. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, as an important vector mosquito species, play a pivotal role in the transmission of infectious diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever. With the rise of CRISPR editing technology, there is an opportunity to reduce the potential of mosquitoes to transmit diseases by precisely editing their genes. The release of this technology in the wild could trigger a range of ecological issues, including ecological niche changes, impacts on food chains and ecological balance, and possible alterations to the adaptive and competitive relationships of non-target species. By exploring these potential impacts in depth, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ecological risks and opportunities of CRISPR editing technology inAedes aegypti mosquitoes, and to provide a reference for its rational and prudent field application. Keywords Aedes aegypti mosquitoes; CRISPR editing technology; Ecosystem impacts; Ecological balance; Vector control Mosquitoes, as one of the bloodsucking insects, have long been one of the main vectors of many infectious diseases. Among them, the Aedes aegypti mosquito is a particularly worrisome vector mosquito species due to its high adaptability to humans. This mosquito is a vector of major infectious diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever, posing a serious threat to public health security on a global scale. Its rapid reproduction and widespread distribution have led to the rapid spread of infectious diseases in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting the lives and health of millions of people. With the continuous progress of gene editing technology, the rise of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) editing technology has become an important tool for altering biological genomes (Zhang et al., 2023). CRISPR technology has been widely favored for its high efficiency and precise gene modification characteristics CRISPR technology is widely favored for its efficient and precise gene modification properties. By directing proteins to cut the DNA strands of target genes, CRISPR technology enables scientists to edit biological genes in a more delicate way, providing new possibilities for solving major problems such as infectious diseases. It is critical to intensify in-depth research on the application of CRISPR editing technology in the Aedes aegypti mosquito and to explore in greater depth the important impact this technology may have on its ability to transmit disease. By precisely editing the mosquito's genes, researchers are expected to modulate its immune system, reproductive capacity, and other key traits, thereby reducing its potential to act as a vector for disease transmission. This will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the potential value of CRISPR technology in infectious disease prevention and control. The aim of this study is to delve into the possible ecosystem impacts of releasing CRISPR-edited Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This includes, but is not limited to, changes in the mosquito's role in the ecological niche, disruption and restoration of the ecological balance, as well as possible impacts on non-target species' adaptations and competitive relationships (Wei et al., 2018). By considering these aspects together, a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological issues that may be triggered by gene-edited mosquitoes in actual releases can be achieved, leading to a more cautious and informed application of the technology.
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