International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 294-302 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 300 effectively stabilize target traits such as fruit quality, stress tolerance and disease resistance. Although the traditional breeding system has laid a solid foundation for breeding, its progress is limited by the long generation cycle and the large workload of field testing, making it difficult to respond quickly to production needs. The introduction of modern molecular biology technology has provided a new solution for breaking through the bottleneck of traditional breeding. Innovative methods such as molecular marker-assisted selection, genome editing, and systematic omics analysis have significantly improved breeding efficiency. The continuous accumulation of genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data has promoted important breakthroughs in the identification of key trait regulatory genes and functional markers, laying a solid molecular foundation for the formulation of precision breeding strategies. Cross-regional shuttle breeding and international germplasm resource exchanges have effectively enriched genetic diversity and accelerated the aggregation of excellent traits. Biotechnology innovation has also made an important contribution: tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis technology have greatly compressed the breeding cycle and built an efficient platform for the rapid introduction of target genes. These technological advances have jointly promoted pitaya breeding to move towards precision and efficiency. The key to achieving multiple breeding goals of increasing yield, optimizing quality, enhancing stress resistance and strengthening disease resistance lies in the effective integration of classical breeding paths and modern molecular methods. In the future, building a systematic multi-omics database, strengthening cross-border breeding collaboration, and creating an intelligent platform will provide technical support for yellow pitaya to move from phenotypic precision to genotypic improvement, and lay a solid foundation for the green and sustainable development of the industry. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Mrs Jie Zhang for hisr invaluable guidance, insightful suggestions, and continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Almeida E., Corrêa M., Mesquita R., Galão M., DoVale J., De Sousa Silva M., Cajazeira J., and Queiroz R., 2021, Ecophysiology and production of red pitaya under different light conditions, Australian Journal of Crop Science, 15(8): 1130–1138. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.08.p3099 Al-Qthanin R., Salih A.M.M.E., Alhafidh F.M.A., Almoghram S.A.M., Alshehri G.A., and Alahmari N.H., 2024, Assessing the suitability of pitaya plant varieties for cultivation in the arid climate of Saudi Arabia, Heliyon, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21651 Chen C., Li F., Xie F., Chen J., Hua Q., Chen J., Wu Z., Zhang Z., Zhang R., Zhao J., Hu G., and Qin Y., 2022, Pitaya Genome and Multiomics Database (PGMD): a comprehensive and integrative resource of Selenicereus undatus, Genes, 13(5): 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13050745 Chien Y.H., Chu Y.C., Hsu Y.H., and Chang J.C., 2024, Synergistic effect of net-houses and light sources on the enhancement of off-season flowering waves and production of ‘Da Hong’ red-fleshed pitaya, Scientia Horticulturae, 329: 112982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.112982 Ding X., Liu S., Duan X., Pan X., and Dong B., 2023, MAPK cascade and ROS metabolism are involved in GABA-induced disease resistance in red pitaya fruit, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 200: 112324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112324 Huang W., Yang G., Liu D., Li Q., Zheng L., and Ma J., 2022, Metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of vitro growth in pitaya plantlets with different LED Light spectra treatment, Industrial Crops and Products, 186: 115237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115237 Jiang Y., Lin T., Lee C., Yen C., and Yang W., 2011, Phenology, canopy composition, and fruit quality of yellow pitaya in tropical Taiwan, HortScience, 46(11): 1497–1502. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.46.11.1497
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