International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 240-248 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 24 7 the responses of affected plants should be explored. Genomic and transcriptomic tools can highlight key genes and pathways, revealing mechanisms of resistance and informing the breeding of tolerant varieties. Second, predictive models that integrate environmental variables and soil microbial activity are needed to simulate juglanone accumulation and breakdown under varying practices. Third, chemical regulation concepts should inform ecosystem design, with companion plants selected not only for tolerance but also for their ability to degrade juglanone or deliver indirect benefits to walnut growth. By planning mixed systems such as “black walnut + tolerant forage + degrading microbes,” it may be possible to balance advantages, enhance positive effects, and reduce harm. Under climate change, attention should also be given to how weather affects chemical sensitivity. Research on the release and impact of juglanone in different scenarios will help guide its future use. The “winning by transformation” strategy of black walnut highlights the ecological secrets and practical potential of allelopathy. With deeper study, this “green tool” is likely to support ecological farming and sustainable forestry, and promote coexistence between people and nature. Acknowledgments The authors thank the laboratory team for their support and cooperation. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahmad T., and Suzuki Y.J., 2019, Juglone in oxidative stress and cell signaling, Antioxidants, 8(4): 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8040091 Athaillah Z.A., Li X., and Wang S.C., 2024, Analysis of juglone concentrations in walnut shells and woods, Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1): 2437135. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2437135 Bai Y.C., Li B.X., Xu C.Y., Raza M., Wang Q., Wang Q.Z., Fu Y., Hu J., Imoulan A., Hussain M., and Xu Y.J., 2022, Intercropping walnut and tea: Effects on soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and microbial communities, Frontiers in Microbiology, 13: 852342. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.852342 Bertin C., Yang X., and Weston L., 2003, The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere, Plant and Soil, 256: 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026290508166 Bishop B., Meier N.A., Coggeshall M.V., Lovell S.T., and Revord R.S., 2024, A review to frame the utilization of Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) cultivars in alley cropping systems, Agroforestry Systems, 98(2): 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00909-0 Choudhary C., Behera B., Raza M., Mrunalini K., Bhoi T., Lal M., Nongmaithem D., Pradhan S., Song B., and Das T., 2023, Mechanisms of allelopathic interactions for sustainable weed management, Rhizosphere, 25: 100667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2023.100667 Davies W.J., Zhang J., Yang J., and Dodd I.C., 2011, Novel crop science to improve yield and resource use efficiency in water-limited agriculture, The Journal of Agricultural Science, 149(S1): 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610001115 Dolianitis B.M., Frescura V.D.S., Furtado G.D.F., Tres M.V., and Zabot G.L., 2025, Plant-based bioherbicides: Review of eco-friendly strategies for weed control in organic bean and corn farming, AgriEngineering, 7(9): 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090288 Ferus P., Mencik K., and KonôpkováJ., 2020, Allelopathic potential of Juglans nigra L. to control the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), Allelopathy Journal, 49: 177-188. https://doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-49-2-1263 Gumus B., Acar T., Atabey T., Derman S., Sahin F., and Arasoglu T., 2020, The battle against biofilm infections: Juglone loaded nanoparticles as an anticandidal agent, Journal of Biotechnology, 316: 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.009 Han Q., Yan X., Zhang R., Wang G., and Zhang Y., 2021, Juglone inactivates Pseudomonas aeruginosa through cell membrane damage, biofilm blockage, and inhibition of gene expression, Molecules, 26(19): 5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195854 Islam A.M., and Widhalm J.R., 2020, Agricultural uses of juglone: Opportunities and challenges, Agronomy, 10(10): 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101500 Jahanban-Esfahlan A., Ostadrahimi A., Tabibiazar M., and Amarowicz R., 2019, A comprehensive review on the chemical constituents and functional uses of walnut (Juglans spp.) husk, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(16): 3920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163920
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