International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 175-186 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 1 78 nest. The result is that the seeds both evade predators and fall into a fertile, relatively safe microenvironment, greatly increasing the chances of seedling survival (Zhang and Wang, 2023). This "mutually beneficial arrangement" can be seen in different ecosystems, often quietly changing the distribution pattern of plants and long-term affecting the structure and diversity of communities (Zhang and Wang, 2023). In contrast, the story of Anthropochory is not so 'natural'. It is not a product of mutualistic coexistence, but more like a trace left by human activities. Farming, gardening, and even transcontinental trade may inadvertently bring seeds to faraway places (McConkey et al., 2012; Soons et al., 2017). Once brought into a new area, some plants will rapidly spread and even become invasive species. Due to its fast speed and wide range, human mediated transmission often causes significant changes in plant communities in a short period of time, which impacts local ecosystems and presents more challenging management and protection (McConkey et al., 2012; Soons et al., 2017). Biological transmission mechanisms, with their diversity and efficiency, play a crucial role in plant supplementation, genetic communication and ecosystem resilience. Especially in the current situation where habitat fragmentation and environmental change are constantly intensifying, the importance of these mechanisms is even more prominent (McConkey et al., 2012; Beckman and Rogers, 2013; Fuzessy et al., 2016; Zhang and Wang, 2023). 4 Patterns of Seed Propagation in Ecosystems 4.1 Spatial pattern Seed propagation can form various spatial patterns ranging from highly concentrated to relatively uniform distribution, which depends on the propagation mechanism and ecological environment background. The distance of propagation varies greatly. Most seeds deposit near the mother plant, but there are also some seeds that can spread over long distances. Hybrid models (such as 2Dt kernel functions) can better describe both local propagation and long-distance propagation events simultaneously, and are more in line with reality compared with traditional models. The mode of transmission has an important influence on spatial aggregation. For example, seeds transmitted by animals and gravity tend to be distributed in clusters, while seeds transmitted by wind are more likely to spread widely and evenly (Seidler and Plotkin, 2006). These spatial patterns are crucial for community structure. They affect species coexistence and the spatial arrangement of plant populations (Seidler and Plotkin, 2006). 4.2 Time mode The temporal pattern of seed propagation is jointly influenced by plant phenology and the activity cycle of the propagation medium. Many plant species exhibit seasonal transmission events, which often coincide with peak animal activity or optimal environmental conditions for seedling establishment (Cruz et al., 2013; Valdesolo et al., 2022). For example, in coastal dune communities, different plant groups spread their propagation time in spring, summer and late summer, thereby reducing direct competition and possibly promoting community formation (Valdesolo et al., 2022). In the animal-mediated propagation system, the time of fruit ripening and the feeding behavior of animals form the impulse effect of seed propagation, and fruit-eating animals and other propagators drive the temporal changes of seed rain (Cruz et al., 2013; Morales et al., 2013). 4.3 The influence of landscape scale The landscape structure has a profound influence on the seed propagation pattern. Habitat fragmentation typically reduces the number of plant and animal species, the diversity of transmission interactions, and the number of interspecies connections, thereby leading to functional homogeneity and the loss of specific transmission relationships (Emer et al., 2019). In fragmented landscapes, the propagation network often transforms into a more universal form, that is, universal species are maintained while specific species gradually decline (Emer et al., 2019). Ecological corridors and residual patches can promote the movement of disseminators and seeds and alleviate the negative effects brought by fragmentation to a certain extent (Garcia et al., 2010; Morales et al., 2013). Edge effect and landscape heterogeneity can also affect the location of seed deposition, as the activities and behaviors of animals respond to vegetation structure, patch quality and resource availability (Garcia et al., 2010;
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