International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 153-162 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 15 9 appearance of black fish, the overall decline in the abundance of local native fish was not significant, and the change in fish population structure was limited. This indicates that the ecological impact of black fish is complex and requires long-term observation. Figure 2 Geographic location and genetic structure of Northern snakehead (Channa argus) populations (Adopted from Resh et al., 2018) Image caption: Pie charts represent the average admixture from each geographically distinct putative population (Arkansas, Potomac River Basin, Upper Hudson River Basin, Lower Hudson River basin, Philadelphia) (Adopted from Resh et al., 2018) 5.3 Intrusion risk assessment and early monitoring cases in Europe and Africa Compared with North America, there are no large-scale black fish invasions in Europe and Africa at present, but the potential risks cannot be ignored. The climate on the European continent is generally cold, which is not conducive to the survival of tropical black fish. However, the Mediterranean region in southern Europe and some warm drainage waters may become the foothold of black fish (Piazzini et al., 2014). In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, northern black fish were introduced from the former Soviet Union for aquaculture experiments in history. However, due to the severe cold in winter, they basically did not survive in the wild. However, as global temperatures rise, some waters in Europe may become suitable for black fish breeding in the future. It is necessary to continuously monitor the species distribution model predictions under climate change scenarios. At present, the invasion of black fish in Europe and Africa is still at the individual case stage, but it is necessary to take preventive measures in advance. Drawing on the experience of North America, establishing a complete risk assessment model, public reporting network and rapid response plan can minimize the probability of black fish taking root and multiplying in these areas to the greatest extent (Lapointe et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2017). 6 Management Challenges and Future Research Directions 6.1 Risk assessment and traceability management supported by genetic data The management of the global invasion of black fish urgently requires scientific decision-making in combination with genetic information. Data based on population genetics can be used to construct more accurate intrusion risk assessment models. Traditional risk assessment often relies on the ecological environment fit of species and historical invasion records, while the introduction of genetic diversity and adaptation potential considerations will make the assessment more comprehensive (Cristescu, 2015). Genetic traceability is crucial for intrusion management. Through the analysis of the genetic structure of the invasive black fish, it is possible to trace which native region or even which trade event it originated from (Resh et al., 2021). Genetic monitoring can evaluate the effectiveness of management measures. By continuously collecting DNA samples from invasive populations and
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