International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 144-152 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 151 The genetic basis of behavioral ecological adaptability is also worthy of attention. The complex behaviors of seasonal dormancy, parental care for infants, and terrestrial migration are closely related to the evolution of neuroendocrine regulatory networks and metabolism related genes. It can be said that the genome of the blackfish genus encodes its "evolutionary blueprint" for conquering diverse habitats. Future research can integrate multi-source genetic data to identify core genes that determine adaptability and construct high-quality genetic maps, thereby providing a foundation for understanding key traits. With the maturity of gene editing tools such as CRISPR, it will be possible to verify the functional genes closely related to hypoxic survival. At the same time, it is necessary to integrate these molecular mechanisms with observations of natural behavior and aquaculture practices to form a research system that emphasizes both theory and application. Acknowledgments We would like to thank our colleagues and research partners for their support and assistance in the literature compilation process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adamson E., Hurwood D., and Mather P., 2010, A reappraisal of the evolution of Asian snakehead fishes (Pisces, Channidae) using molecular data from multiple genes and fossil calibration, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56(2): 707-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.027 Andrews K.R., Seaborn T., Egan J.P., Fagnan M.W., New D.D., Chen Z., Hohenlohe P., Waits L., Caudill C., and Narum S.R., 2023, Whole genome resequencing identifies local adaptation associated with environmental variation for redband trout, Molecular Ecology, 32(4): 800-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16810 Bhardwaj A.K., Chandra R.K., Pati A.K., and Tripathi M.K., 2022, Seasonal immune rhythm of leukocytes in the freshwater snakehead fish (Channa punctatus), Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 192(6): 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-022-01460-7 Böhme M., 2004, Migration history of air-breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns, Geology, 32: 393-396. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20316.1 Britz R., Dahanukar N., Anoop V.K., Philip S., Clark B., Raghavan R., and Rüber L., 2020, Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India, Scientific Reports, 10(1): 16081. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6 Britz R., Hui T.H., and Rüber L., 2024, Four new species of Channa from Myanmar (Teleostei, Labyrinthici, Channidae), Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2024: 72. Cao P., Sun W., Zhang Y., Zhou Z., Zhang X., and Liu X., 2021, Susceptibility and immune responses of hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata♀ × Channa argus♂) following infection with snakehead fish vesiculovirus, Aquaculture, 533: 736113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736113 Cox C., and Logan M., 2021, Using integrative biology to infer adaptation from comparisons of two (or a few) species, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 94: 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1086/714018 Goodrich H., Bayley M., Birgersson L., Davison W., Johannsson O., Kim A., My P., Tinh T., Thanh P., Thanh H., and Wood C., 2020, Understanding the gastrointestinal physiology and responses to feeding in air-breathing Anabantiformfishes, Journal of Fish Biology, 96(4): 986-1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14288 Han X., Su X., Che M., Liu L., Nie P., and Wang S., 2025, Identification and expression analyses of IL-17/IL-17R gene family in snakehead (Channa argus) following Nocardia seriolae infection, Genes, 16(3): 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16030253 Htoo H., Laskar B.A., Lee S.R., Vu S.V., Phyo P.M.M., Thitsar P., Kim H., and Kundu S., 2025, Unified morphological and genetic analyses confirm the existence of the dwarf snakehead Channa shingon (Anabantiformes: Channidae) in Kachin State, Myanmar, Fishes, 10(3): 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10030100 Huang S., Yang L., Zhang L., Sun B., Gao J., Chen Z., Zhong L., and Cao X., 2022, Endogenic upregulations of HIF/VEGFsignaling pathway genes promote air-breathing organ angiogenesis in bimodal respiration fish, Functional and Integrative Genomics, 22(1): 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-021-00822-8 Jiang Y., Feng S., Xu J., Zhang S., Li S., Sun X., and Xu P., 2016, Comparative transcriptome analysis between aquatic and aerial breathing organs of Channa argus to reveal the genetic basis underlying bimodal respiration, Marine Genomics, 29: 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2016.06.002
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