International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 111-122 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 119 a more important role in the study of adaptive evolution. The study of DNA methylation in Japanese Spanish mackerel is just a beginning, and it can be expanded to histone modification, non-coding RNA regulation and other aspects in the future. In recent years, environmentally induced heritable epigenetic marks have been considered as a response mechanism of organisms to rapid environmental changes (Gawra et al., 2023). Spanish mackerel has a short generation cycle, and perhaps its adaptation to some environmental pressures is more achieved through epigenetics rather than slow DNA mutations. Therefore, combining genetics and epigenetics for analysis can fully reveal the "genetic traces" of selection. Figure 2 Current simulated habitat and actual survey sites of Scomberomorus niphonius (Adopted from Yang et al., 2022) Image caption: The color gradient indicates variation in habitat suitability (red: highest, blue: lowest). The black dots represent the actual survey sites. (A-D) represent suitable habitats in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively (Adopted from Yang et al., 2022) In addition, functional genomics and experimental evolution will become a trend. With the advancement of gene editing tools, it will be possible to simulate the effects of key gene mutations in Spanish mackerel in the laboratory in the future. The introduction of big data and machine learning will improve analysis efficiency. With the explosive growth of omics data, how to integrate multi-source data such as genome, transcriptome, and environment has become a challenge. In fishery management, establishing a genome-based model to predict the response of populations to future environmental scenarios is also an interdisciplinary frontier direction. 7.3 Application prospects of genome evolution research and ecological protection significance The study of adaptive evolution of Spanish mackerel is not only of academic value, but also can provide guidance for fishery resource management and marine ecological protection. In fishery management, genome-based population structure identification and genetic diversity monitoring will greatly improve management accuracy. Andersson et al. (2024) emphasized that maintaining genetic diversity of highly abundant species is an important challenge facing future fisheries, which needs to be achieved with the help of population genomics methods. In the field of artificial propagation and aquaculture, the results of genomic research also have application potential. Although Spanish mackerel has not yet been farmed on a large scale, attempts have been made to increase and release and cultivate artificial seedlings in some areas. Genomic data can assist in selecting strains with strong adaptability and fast growth for breeding, and monitor the genetic interaction between released seedlings and wild populations.
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