International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 91-100 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 99 Research on population genetic diversity already offers a base for targeted breeding, but it still needs deeper testing and wider application. Better monitoring and early warning are also vital for proactive management. Pairing remote sensing with predictive models can change how plantations are watched, allow earlier action, and reduce reliance on chemicals. Future studies should also refine green formulations-such as saponin-based pesticides-so they work well across different farming climates and conditions. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr.Fang continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Badoni P., Singh Y., Kumar V., and Uniyal K., 2019, Preliminary screening of Sapindus mukorossi extracts from different sources against forest fungi, SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences, 5(2): 2244-2258. https://doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2019.5.2.7 Eddaya T., Boughdad A., Sibille E., Chaimbault P., Zaid A., and Amechrouq A., 2013, Biological activity of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) aqueous extract against Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Industrial Crops and Products, 50: 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.045 Huang H., Liao S., Chang F., Kuo Y., and Wu Y., 2003, Molluscicidal saponins fromSapindus mukorossi, inhibitory agents of golden apple snails Pomacea canaliculata, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(17): 4916-4919. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0301910 Li Y.W., Dong W.B., Liang L.Y., Liu F.P., Li H.L., Liao H.H., and Wang X., 2024, Application of multi-gene stacking strategies in citrus pest resistance breeding: from theory to practice, Molecular Plant Breeding, 15(5): 209-219. https://doi.org/10.5376/mpb.2024.15.0021 Lenteren J., 2012, The state of commercial augmentative biological control: plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake, BioControl, 57: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9395-1 Liu J., Sun C., Gao Y., Chen Z., Zheng Y., Weng X., and Jia L., 2021, Sapindus cultivar ‘Yue Shuo Bodhi’, HortScience, 56(6): 730-731. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15735-21 Saha S., Walia S., Kumar J., Dhingra S., and Parmar B., 2010, Screening for feeding deterrent and insect growth regulatory activity of triterpenic saponins from Diploknema butyracea and Sapindus mukorossi, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(1): 434-440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902439m Singh D., Kesavan A.K., and Sohal S.K., 2019, Exploration of anti-insect potential of trypsin inhibitor purified from seeds of Sapindus mukorossi against Bactrocera cucurbitae, Scientific Reports, 9: 17025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53495-6 Shi Y., Yan H., Wu L., Xie J., and Chen H., 2022, Effects of different irradiation treatments on total saponins content of Sapindus mukorossi, Dose-Response, 20: 15593258211062781. https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258211062781 Si Y., Li D., and Zhu L., 2022, First report of Diaporthe eres and D. unshiuensis causing leaf spots on Sapindus mukorossi in China, Plant Disease, 107: 4. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-22-1176-pdn Si Y., Li D., Zhong J., Huang L., and Zhu L., 2021, Diaporthe sapindicola sp. nov. causes leaf spots of Sapindus mukorossi in China, Plant Disease, 106: 4. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-21-0777-re Si Y., Sun J., Li D., Huang L., and Ju Y., 2020, Leaf spot of Sapindus mukorossi caused by Diaporthe biconispora inChina, Australasian Plant Pathology, 50: 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-020-00762-0 Sochacki M., and Vogt O., 2022, Triterpenoid saponins from washnut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)-a source of natural surfactants and other active components, Plants, 11(18): 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182355 Sun C., Wang J., Duan J., Zhao G., Weng X., and Jia L., 2017, Association of fruit and seed traits of Sapindus mukorossi germplasm with environmental factors in southern China, Forests, 8(12): 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120491 Yang C., Huang Y., Chen Y., and Chang M., 2020, Foam properties, detergent abilities and long-term preservative efficacy of the saponins fromSapindus mukorossi, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 18: 155-160. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2270
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