International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 91-100 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 96 Table 1 CCA results for seed and fruit traits of Sapindus mukorossi with environmental factors - CCA1 CCA2 Statistics Pr(>F) 0.001*** 0.001*** Eigenvalue 0.008084 0.003012 Proportion Explained 0.28159 0.10493 Cumulative Proportion 0.28159 0.38651 Total inertia (variance explained %) 0.028 57(47.22%) Intraset correlation coefficients between the CCA axes andthe environmental variables Terms Latitude -0.56985 0.16612 Longitude -0.54517 0.37594 Sunshineduration 0.09548 0.07766 Prec 0.44416 0.28378 Relativehumidity -0.41686 -0.10482 Minimumrelativehumidity 0.48733 0.12237 Temp 0.85513 0.19168 maximumTemp -0.16358 0.54029 lowestTemp 0.9068 -0.10021 Altitude 0.06566 -0.7554 Notes: *** extremely significant correlation at the P<0.01 level 4.3 The use of natural and plant-based pesticides inSapindus mukorossi Natural and plant-based pesticides - especially formulations derived fromSapindus mukorossi - have performed outstandingly in control. Saponin extracts have significant antibacterial and insecticidal effects. They can effectively control pests such as Thysanoplusia orichalcea and reduce fungal infections, such as apple black spot disease. Its main mechanism is to destroy the cell membranes of pests and pathogens, providing a degradable and environmentally friendly alternative for the synthesis of chemicals. At the same time, the combination of saponin treatment with other plant-based pesticides (such as neem formulations or pyrethroids) can enhance the control effect and reduce the environmental burden. This approach conforms to the IPM principle, helps promote sustainable agriculture, and reduces chemical residues in the ecosystem (Yang et al., 2020). 5 Technological Innovations in Pest and Disease Control for Sapindus mukorossi 5.1 Molecular markers and gene editing technologies inSapindus mukorossi SSR, SNP, and similar markers offer a quick way to find resistant lines. They help screen genotypes and speed breeding. Molecular markers and gene editing are now key tools to raise disease and pest resistance in Sapindus mukorossi. Studies in related species have mapped variants tied to resistance, giving a clear path for use in this tree (Sun et al., 2017). When markers are built into the breeding pipeline, it becomes easier to pick plants with higher saponin levels and stronger natural repellent traits. This keeps selection simple and moves progress faster. Technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 offer higher accuracy. It can directly and precisely modify key resistance genes without introducing exogenous DNA, taking into account both effectiveness and social acceptance (Zhao et al., 2019). Although the direct application on Sapindus mukorossi is still limited, studies on materials of the same family have shown clear potential for enhancing disease and pest resistance. 5.2 Integrated pest management (IPM) practices inSapindus mukorossi IPM uses several tools together to keep pests down in a lasting way. It relies on biological control, farm practices, and only the chemicals that are needed. In Sapindus mukorossi fields, using natural enemies, planting resistant
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