International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 74-82 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 80 Despite the advancement of genomic technologies, there are still some areas of duck population genetics research. One critical area is that wild duck populations are underrepresented in genomics, and this impacts our understanding of their genetic diversity and evolutionary history. Second, it is still challenging to separate signals of natural selection from those of genetic drift, particularly in recently demographically sampled populations. Technical limitations such as assembly errors and sequencing errors can also be a cause of instability in genomic analysis. Moreover, the merging of genomic data with ecological and environmental information includes complex analytical methods, which are under development. Subsequent studies will have to embrace an interdisciplinary platform that unifies genomics, ecology, and the environment in order to understand duck population dynamics in fine detail. Landscape genetics integration may shed light on the effects of spatial barriers and environmental gradients on gene flow as well as adaptation. Ecological niche modeling and genomic data can also provide us with predictions about how duck populations are likely to react to climate change. There needs to be collaborative effort between ecologists, conservationists, and geneticists to develop efficient tools for ensuring genetic diversity and conserving domestic and wild duck populations as sustainable against environmental hazards. Acknowledgments Thanks to the animal research team for their support and help in data collection and data collection. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adeola A., Sola-Ojo F., Opeyemi Y., Oguntunji A., Nneji L., Ewuola M., Bello S., Olaniyi W., Adesoji A., Karuno A., Sanke O., and Daniel E., 2022, Genetic diversity and population structure of muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) from Nigeria, PeerJ, 10: e13236. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13236 Brown J., Harrigan R., and Lavretsky P., 2022, Evolutionary and ecological drivers of local adaptation and speciation in a North American avian species complex, Molecular Ecology, 31: 2578-2593. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16423 Chang G., Yuan X., Guo Q., Bai H., Cao X., Liu M., Wang Z., Li B., Wang S., Jiang Y., Wang Z., Zhang Y., Xu Q., Song Q., Pan R., Qiu L., Gu T., Wu X., Bi Y., Cao Z., Zhang Y., Chen Y., Li H., Liu J., Dai W., and Chen G., 2023, The first crested duck genome reveals clues to genetic compensation and crest cushion formation, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 21: 483-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2023.08.002 De A., Sawhney S., Bhattacharya D., Sujatha T., Sunder J., Ponraj P., Ravi S., Mondal S., Malakar D., and Kundu A., 2021, Origin, genetic diversity and evolution of Andaman local duck, a native duck germplasm of an insular region of India, PLoS ONE, 16(2): e0245138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245138 Feng P., Zeng T., Yang H., Chen G., Du J., Chen L., Shen J., Tao Z., Wang P., Yang L., and Lu L., 2020, Whole-genome resequencing provides insights into the population structure and domestication signatures of ducks in eastern China, BMC Genomics, 22(1): 401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07710-2 Godoy B., Camargos L., and Lodi S., 2018, When phylogeny and ecology meet: modeling the occurrence of Trichoptera with environmental and phylogenetic data, Ecology and Evolution, 8: 5313-5322. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4031 Graham A., and McCracken K., 2019, Convergent evolution on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway genes EGLN1 and EPAS1 in high-altitude ducks, Heredity, 122: 819-832. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0173-z Guo X., He X., Chen H., Wang Z., Li H., Wang J., Wang M., and Jiang R., 2020, Revisiting the evolutionary history of domestic and wild ducks based on genomic analyses, Zoological Research, 42: 43-50. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.133 Han Y.P., 2024, Population genomics of primates: diversity, structure, and evolutionary dynamics, International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, 14(3): 108-119. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmeb.2024.14.0014 Jiang F., Lin R., Xiao C., Xie T., Jiang Y., Chen J., Ni P., Sung W., Han J., Du X., and Li S., 2021, Analysis of whole-genome re-sequencing data of ducks reveals a diverse demographic history and extensive gene flow between Southeast/South Asian and Chinese populations, Genetics Selection Evolution, 53: 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-021-00627-0
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