International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 63-73 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 70 unstable, the effectiveness of this defense mechanism may be weakened. This environmental sensitivity has become the main bottleneck restricting the stability of biological control effects. 6.2 Technical costs and promotion barriers In the practice of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivation, the promotion of biological control technology still faces dual challenges at the economic and technical levels. On the one hand, although biochar has significant effects in improving soil structure and enhancing soil microbial activity (Chen et al., 2018), its high production cost and application threshold make it difficult for most small and medium-sized farmers to adopt it on a large scale. On the other hand, the screening, propagation and precise field delivery of efficient strains such as Bacillus D65 usually rely on supporting professional equipment and technical systems. Under the condition of limited technical resources, this undoubtedly raises the threshold for farmers to adopt it, thereby restricting the popularization and implementation of such technologies. 6.3 Lack of systematic control strategies The current practice of biological control of Chrysanthemum morifoliumhas obvious fragmentation characteristics. Although single measures such as biochar improvement and grafting technology have been proven to enhance plant resistance (Chen et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019), there is a lack of organic integration between the various technologies. This fragmented application mode makes it difficult to maintain a stable control effect, and it is urgent to establish a systematic integrated management plan. 6.4 Resistance and coexistence issues In biological control practice, long-term single application of specific control measures may trigger adaptive responses. Pathogen populations can evolve to adapt to the continuous use of antagonistic strains or biochar treatments, resulting in a gradual decrease in control effectiveness (Duan et al., 2017; Barbosa et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2019). This phenomenon also exists in plant-insect interaction systems. The defense strategy of Chrysanthemum morifoliumto attract natural enemies through volatile terpenoids may also fail due to the adaptive evolution of pests (Xu et al., 2021). More complicated is that some pest populations can establish a dynamic balance with control measures. This "ecological adaptation" phenomenon is manifested in maintaining a certain population size under control pressure (Zhang et al., 2019). To meet these challenges, it is necessary to develop a multi-target, rotating integrated control system, and maintain long-term and stable control effects by strategically combining biological control methods with different mechanisms of action. 7 Future Directions and Prospects 7.1 Integration of multi-technologies and comprehensive control In the future, pest and disease management of Chrysanthemum morifoliumwill tend to be an integrated prevention and control model integrating multiple technologies. Integrating biological control methods such as natural enemy insect regulation, microbial antagonism and plant-derived active substances can establish an efficient ecological prevention and control network. Studies have shown that the HIPVs released by Chrysanthemum morifolium when attacked by Spodoptera litura can specifically attract natural enemies (Xu et al., 2021). This ecological defense mechanism can be used in conjunction with biochar soil improvement technology. Biochar can not only improve the soil environment, but also significantly inhibit soil-borne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum (Chen et al., 2018), providing a new idea for building an above-ground-underground coordinated prevention and control system. 7.2 Application of molecular biology techniques Molecular biology technology is driving the disease-resistant breeding of Chrysanthemum morifoliuminto the era of precision. Through targeted gene regulation, researchers can accurately enhance plant resistance. Transcriptome analysis of the grafting system identified multiple differentially expressed stress response genes (Zhang et al., 2019), providing key targets for molecular marker-assisted breeding. At the same time, the analysis of key enzyme genes in the terpene volatile synthesis pathway (Xu et al., 2021) laid a molecular foundation for activating the
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