International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 63-73 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 66 green agriculture is being explored, and the research on this topic continues to rise. When attacked by herbivorous insects such as Spodoptera litura, Chrysanthemum morifoliumcan release a series of bioactive volatile terpenoid compounds. This defense response is a typical indirect mechanism that relies on attracting natural enemy insects to participate in regulation (Mouden et al., 2020). These plant volatiles mainly include monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and their synthesis is usually triggered by insect feeding behavior, playing an important role in resisting external biological stress. Related studies have further confirmed that this type of compound is highly specific and time-effective in the defense strategy of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Xu et al., 2021). This natural product-based control pathway is providing new theoretical support and practical direction for building a more eco-friendly pest and disease management system. 3.4 Trapping and exclusion techniques Pheromone trapping technology provides a new idea for pest control of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Based on the specific attraction mechanism of sex pheromones, this technology can accurately trap and kill target pests (Staton and Williams, 2023). Although there are few studies specifically on Chrysanthemum morifolium, its successful application in other crops has laid the foundation for technology transplantation. Physical isolation measures show multiple control benefits. Insect nets effectively reduce insect population density through mechanical barriers, while mulching has multiple functions of suppressing weeds, conserving moisture, and blocking underground pests (Wipfli et al., 2017). Such non-chemical methods significantly reduce the demand for pesticide use. 3.5 Ecological regulation and crop rotation techniques Field ecological regulation achieves natural pest control through biodiversity enhancement. Volatile terpenes released by Chrysanthemum morifoliumcan form a "chemical ecological defense line" to attract natural enemies to control pest populations (Xu et al., 2021). This ecological network based on plant-insect interactions provides a new paradigm for sustainable control. Crop rotation and intercropping systems effectively block the cycle of pests and diseases. Reasonable crop rotation significantly reduces the accumulation of soil-borne pathogens and pests in the field (Xiao et al., 2015). Selective intercropping enhances the control effect through allelopathic effects and improves the soil microecological environment (Wang et al., 2022). These agronomic measures organically combine pest and disease control with soil health management to promote the sustainable development of cropping systems. 4 Mechanisms of Biological Control in Hangbaiju Pests and Diseases 4.1 Mechanisms of microbial control Rhizosphere microorganisms of Chrysanthemum morifolium achieve disease control through multiple mechanisms. The application of rice straw biochar significantly changed the composition of soil microbial communities, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and actinomycetes, while causing a 42.4%-54.4% decrease in the population of Fusarium oxysporum (Chen et al., 2018). This reconstruction of the microbial flora mainly works through the following pathways: First, nutrient and spatial competition constitute the first line of defense. Beneficial microorganisms consume the nutrient resources required for the growth of pathogens by quickly occupying ecological sites. Second, metabolite inhibition plays a key role. Antimicrobial substances secreted by antagonistic bacteria directly interfere with the physiological activities of pathogens. More importantly, biochar treatment can also activate the plant immune system and induce systemic resistance. This "microbe-plant" interaction mechanism is ultimately reflected in the significant improvement of the yield and quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium(Chen et al., 2018). The ecological balance of microbial communities is crucial for disease control. When beneficial microorganisms become the dominant population, they can not only directly inhibit pathogens, but also provide dual protection by inducing plant disease resistance. This prevention and control strategy based on microecological regulation provides a new idea for the control of soil-borne diseases of Chrysanthemum morifolium.
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