International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 1-8 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 3 some traits, such as pineapple fiber, sweetness, and ripening, are related to specific genes (Figure 1) (Chen et al., 2019). The study also pointed out that when people select seeds, whether through sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction, they have a great influence on pineapple traits. This also shows that the domestication process of pineapples cannot be completed in one step (VanBuren, 2018). Figure 1 Distribution of genomic features along the pineapple CB5 genome (Adopted from Chen et al., 2019) 4.2 Important genetic markers in domestication Researchers have found many single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. They are particularly useful in understanding the genetic diversity and domestication process of pineapples. These markers show that there are many duplications in the genes of cultivated varieties, as well as many somatic mutations. This shows that many changes in the appearance or traits of pineapples are actually due to these mutations, rather than complex breeding work (Zhou et al., 2015). In addition, scientists have also found genes related to “self-incompatibility”, which may also be selected during the domestication process (Chen et al., 2019). 4.3 Genetic comparison of wild species and cultivated species By comparing different genomes, the study found that the genetic diversity of cultivated pineapples is actually quite rich. This is because their ancestors came from different wild species and also experienced hybridization (VanBuren, 2018). However, although there are many types of cultivated pineapples, the genetic differences between them are not large. In other words, domestication has not reduced their genetic diversity too much (Gaut et al., 2018). This diversity may be related to the mixing of genes from wild species and the history of pineapple spread in different places (d’Eeckenbrugge et al., 2018). 5 Adaptive Genomic Variations in Pineapple 5.1 Key genes involved in stress tolerance Pineapple can adapt to drought, saline-alkali land and pests and diseases, which is related to some of its special gene mutations. Studies have found that there are 54 genes called WRKY in the pineapple genome. These genes will behave differently when facing various environmental pressures (Xie et al., 2018). They play a big role in improving pineapple's ability to adapt to difficult environments. Therefore, these genes are critical when breeding stress-resistant pineapple varieties. 5.2 Genetic basis of CAM photosynthesis Pineapple is a plant that uses CAM photosynthesis. Unlike ordinary C3 photosynthesis, CAM photosynthesis allows pineapples to live well in places with little water. Scientists have found that pineapples do not change the
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