International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 9-18 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 16 Malaysia has also launched a “durian agroforestry system” to mix local tree species in durian orchards, which can not only protect the ecology but also enhance carbon sequestration capacity. Through the green channel agreement with China, such products can also enjoy tax incentives (Nawae et al., 2023). In 2023, Malaysia’s exports of hybrid durian to China increased by 67% over last year. Among them, the repurchase rate of new products such as “Black Thorn X Musang King” on e-commerce platforms is as high as 58%. The success of hybrid varieties depends on “three adaptations”: adapting to the climate and being able to be grown in southern China; adapting to the supply chain, not easy to spoil and convenient for transportation; adapting to consumer culture, the flesh is suitable for making Chinese desserts (Lin et al., 2022). As the RCEP tariff reduction policy is further implemented, Malaysian hybrid durian is expected to establish a complete industrial chain in China, extending from high-end fresh fruits to processed foods, and even changing the durian trade pattern in Asia as awhole. 7 Concluding Remarks Durian is a famous tropical fruit, originating from Malaysia. Its flesh is rich in nutrients and has a unique taste. Durian trees grow tall and bear fruit slowly. Generally, it takes 5 years for them to bear fruit, and they have high requirements for the growing environment. At present, the commercial cultivation of durian is mostly concentrated in countries and regions close to the equator. There are many varieties of durian in the world, and different countries mainly grow different varieties. At present, the main production areas of durian are Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. Common mainstream varieties include Musang King, Golden Pillow, Qingni, Kalun, Sultan King, Tomani, and Ganyao. Among them, Musang King, Golden Pillow, Sultan King, and Ganyao are the most popular because of their thick flesh, sweet and rich fragrance. The planting cycle of durian is very long, and it generally takes 5 years to bear fruit, which is relatively difficult to grow. Thailand and Malaysia currently occupy most of the international market. In recent years, Guangdong and Hainan in China have also begun to grow durian. In addition to Southeast Asia, some places also have a small amount of planting, such as China, India, Sri Lanka, the West Indies, Florida and Hawaii in the United States, as well as northern Australia, Madagascar, Singapore, Papua New Guinea and the Polynesian Islands. Now, the area of durian cultivation in China is slowly increasing. The southern part of Hainan Island is the most concentrated planting area, and the current planting area has exceeded 30 000 mu. In 2023, there were 1 400 mu of durian trees in Hainan, with a total output of about 50 tons. In 2024, the fruiting area expanded to 4,000 mu, and the main varieties planted were Jinzhen, Ganyao and Mao Shanwang. In recent years, China has made significant progress in durian cultivation, especially in off-season cultivation technology. For example, in early 2024, the experimental base in Sanya successfully achieved winter flowering and spring fruiting. This achievement mainly depends on flower control technology and the breeding of adaptive varieties. This breakthrough allows durian to fill the gap in the market. At present, Sanya, Baoting and other places in Hainan have moved from small-scale trial planting to larger commercial production. Some orchards have an output of more than 1 000 kilograms per mu. Because domestic durian is “tree-ripened”, the taste is getting closer and closer to imported durian. This development is very important and can help reduce dependence on imported durian. China now eats more than 1 million tons of durian every year, 90% of which are imported from Southeast Asia. If domestic durian can be developed, it can reduce many supply chain risks. At the same time, the economic benefits of durian are also very high. In Hainan, the per mu output value of some pilot orchards has reached 100 000 to 150 000 yuan, allowing many farmers to obtain tangible benefits. However, there are still some difficulties in the development of domestic durian. For example, the ability to adapt to the climate is limited, the management of pests and diseases is not mature enough, and the cold resistance of varieties needs to be improved. Next, it is necessary to strengthen the breeding of cold-resistant varieties and the research and development of green pest and disease control technology. In terms of brand building, create a geographical indication brand of “Chinese durian” and compete with Southeast Asian durian products in a differentiated manner. At the current development speed, it is expected that in the next five years, the market share of China’s self-produced durian may reach 10% to 20%. At the same time, more deep-processing products can be
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