International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 9-18 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 13 planting in southern Vietnam and some dry and hot river valleys in Guangxi and Yunnan, China. Indonesia's Tomani variety has strong disease resistance and is suitable for hot and rainy areas. In China, durian is mainly grown in tropical or subtropical areas such as Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi. However, these places still face many challenges in terms of temperature, precipitation and soil. Durian is suitable for places with an average annual temperature of more than 24°C. If it is below 10°C in winter, it will cause flowers and fruits to fall. Southern Hainan is the most suitable place for growing durian, and other places need to build greenhouses or take insulation measures (Zhou et al., 2021; Jiang and Han, 2024). Figure 1 Early stage of cultivation of Hainan durian 4.3 Climate change and future adaptation strategies Climate change has brought many impacts on durian cultivation. Some are challenges, but there are also new opportunities. When the temperature is too high, such as over 35℃, the flowers are easy to fall and the fruits do not grow well. If the temperature is below 10℃ in winter, the durian tree is also prone to freezing, and in severe cases, it may even die. Changes in rainfall also have a great impact. In some areas, it is too dry, so the fruits are small; in some places, there are many heavy rains, which can easily cause root rot. Climate warming also expands the range of pests, and fungal diseases such as anthrax and root rot are increasing. Now, scientists are studying more drought-resistant and cold-resistant durian varieties, and some use gene editing to speed up breeding. In terms of planting, people have begun to use windbreaks and awnings to adjust the microenvironment; use drip irrigation and drainage systems to control water; and improve soil structure. For pests and diseases, people have also begun to use natural enemies and biological pesticides for prevention and control, and introduce Internet of Things technology for early warning. In addition, some production areas have begun to move to higher altitudes or latitudes, or try to grow durian in greenhouses. For example, in order to cope with heavy rains, Pahang, Malaysia, switched to waterlogging-resistant rootstocks and adopted high ridge cultivation methods. Hainan, China, also carried out “durian + coconut” intercropping to improve the microclimate of orchards (Aziz and Jalil, 2019; Xiao et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2024). These practices show that as long as traditional experience and modern technology are combined well, the durian industry can better adapt to climate change and achieve long-term development. 5 Pest and Disease Management in Global Durian Cultivation 5.1 Common pests Durian is often affected by pests during cultivation. These insects affect the health of the fruit trees, reduce yield and quality, and also reduce farmers’ income. The more common pests are as follows. The larvae of the fruit borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) will drill into the fruit, destroy the flesh, and cause the durian to fall prematurely. The
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