International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 9-18 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 11 more than 100 000 tons. China does not export much durian, and currently there is only one export route, which is to export to Russia through Heilongjiang. The import time of durian is also obviously seasonal. The durian in Thailand generally matures from April to September each year, while in Vietnam it matures a little later, mainly from the end of July to October. Affected by the production seasons of these two countries, China’s durian import peaks are concentrated in the second and third quarters of each year. In 2023, the import volume in the second quarter accounted for 48.83% of the total annual volume, and the third quarter accounted for 31.71%. Since China's durian exports are still relatively small, the monthly export time fluctuates greatly and has not yet formed a stable trend (Aziz and Jalil, 2019). 2.3 Trade regulations and phytosanitary standards Durian must pass strict plant quarantine standards to be exported to other countries. Before export, durian needs to be pre-inspected, fumigated, and obtain relevant certification. These practices are to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Exporting countries must also meet some international food safety standards, such as good agricultural practices (GAP), hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) (Zhou et al., 2021). These standards ensure that durian remains safe and fresh during transportation. Scientists are now also using molecular markers and genetic fingerprinting to trace the origins of durian varieties. These technologies can verify the true identity of durian and help protect fair competition in the market (Lin et al., 2022). 3 Genetic Resource Flow and Durian Variety Exchange 3.1 Historical and contemporary genetic exchange The diversity of durian varieties is closely related to its cultivation and exchange in Southeast Asia. Durian has been spreading and developing in different regions for a long time, which also allows us to see many different varieties today. For example, Thailand’s very famous “Golden Pillow” durian (Thai: หมอนทอง, English: Monthong) has a very long history. Many commercial varieties currently circulating in the market, such as some durians in Malaysia and Indonesia, were actually first spread from Bangkok, Thailand (Aziz and Jalil, 2019). According to some data, as early as 1908, a Thai cookbook mentioned the extra-large durian produced in the Chinese community. This shows that the Golden Pillow variety has a planting history of at least more than 100 years, and it is likely that it was promoted by early Chinese through grafting (Nawae et al., 2023). 3.2 Genetic diversity and cross-breeding for adaptation The genetic diversity of durian is very important, which allows different varieties to adapt to various different growth environments. Researchers used molecular marker methods such as SSR (simple sequence repeats) and ISSR and found that there are great genetic differences between durian varieties in Malaysia and Indonesia (Siew et al., 2018a). Lin et al. (2022) analyzed 32 durian genotypes in Hainan. They used whole genome sequencing methods and RAD sequencing technology, and developed a set of SSR marker tools. These works laid the foundation for the protection of durian germplasm and breeding research. The study also used some analytical methods, such as genetic similarity (IBS), phylogenetic trees and principal component analysis, to divide the 32 genotypes into two groups. Many of the genotypes in the first group are repeated, while the genotypes in the second group have many common genetic characteristics with the first group. They also pointed out that the main varieties cultivated in Hainan include D24, D101, Musang King (MSW), Golden Red (JH), D163, HFH and NLX-5. They also developed more than 70 000 different SSR molecular markers. 3.3 Intellectual property rights and genetic resource protection Nowadays, there are more and more varieties of durian, and intellectual property protection is becoming more and more important. If durian clones, variants or cultivated varieties can be accurately registered and classified, it will help protect genetic resources and manage commercial interests (Siew et al., 2018b). With the development of molecular marker technology, such as SSR and ISSR, people can more clearly identify the origin of durian varieties. These tools not only help us protect resources, but also support the commercial development of varieties (Prakoso and Retnoningsih, 2021).
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