International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 196-207 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 202 between aphids, their host plants, and associated microorganisms to develop effective strategies for managing aphid populations. 7.3 Evolutionary responses of Myzus persicae to pesticide and plant defenses Myzus persicae has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to evolve resistance to various insecticides, posing a significant challenge to pest control efforts. Over the years, M. persicae has developed resistance to multiple classes of insecticides, including neonicotinoids and sulfoxaflor, through various biochemical and molecular mechanisms (Ward et al., 2023). For instance, the enhanced expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and specific genetic mutations have been identified as key factors contributing to neonicotinoid resistance in field populations of M. persicae (Sial et al., 2022). These adaptations not only allow the aphid to survive chemical treatments but also highlight the rapid evolutionary potential of this pest in response to selective pressures. In addition to chemical resistance, M. persicae has also evolved strategies to overcome plant defenses. For example, studies have found that after green peach aphid (GPA) feeding on Cuscuta australis, the salicylic acid (SA) level in C. australis decreases, while its soybean host exhibits an increase in jasmonic acid (JA) content (Figure 1). These data strongly suggest that GPA feeding on C. australis induces a systemic signal, which is translocated to the host plant and activates its defense response against herbivorous insects (Zhuang et al., 2018; Byrd et al., 2023). Furthermore, the genetic variability within M. persicae populations enables the aphid to adapt to different host plants and environmental conditions, facilitating its persistence in diverse agro-ecosystems. These evolutionary responses underscore the need for continuous monitoring and the development of sustainable pest management strategies that integrate chemical, biological, and cultural control methods to effectively manage M. persicae populations. Figure 1 Changes of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels in Cuscuta australis and the soybean (Glycine max) host plants after green peach aphid (GPA) feeding onC. australis (Adopted from Zhuang et al., 2018) Image caption: (a) A schematic of the experimental setup. Empty clip cages or clip cages each containing 30 GPAs were attached to C. australis exploratory stems to form the control and treatment group, respectively. After 24 h of feeding, C. australis in the clip cages and the third trifoliates of soybean were harvested. The contents of SA and JA were determined in (b) C. australis and in (c) soybean leaves. Asterisks indicate significant differences between control and treatment groups determined by Student's t-test (n = 5; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01). Error bars are ± SE (Adopted from Zhuang et al., 2018)
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