International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation 2024 Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 3 ecosystem refers to the degree to which it can maintain its structure and function in the face of external disturbances; Resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to adapt and maintain its key functions after interference; Resilience refers to the degree to which an ecosystem can recover to a stable state in a relatively short period of time after being disturbed. The core concept of ecosystem immunity is the ability to maintain structure, function, and services, or to quickly restore to a stable state in a short period of time. This ability enables ecosystems to continuously provide important ecological functions, such as material cycling, energy flow, and biodiversity maintenance, to maintain ecological balance (Yang et al., 2021). 3.2 Composition and function of ecosystems The ecosystem is composed of biological communities and non biological environments, including factors such as plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water bodies, climate, etc. These components interact with each other and together maintain the functionality and stability of the ecosystem (Figure 1). Plants convert solar energy into organic matter through photosynthesis, providing food and oxygen, while also affecting the texture and moisture content of the soil. Animals participate in material and energy flow through food chains, pollination, and seed transmission. Microorganisms play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter and maintaining soil health. These components are interdependent and form a complex ecosystem network. Figure 1 Complex ecosystem 3.3 Fragility and stability of ecosystems The fragility of an ecosystem refers to its sensitivity to external disturbances and the strength of its resistance. Fragile ecosystems are often more susceptible to disruption, while ecosystems with strong anti-interference capabilities can better cope with stress and change. The stability of an ecosystem is the degree to which it can recover to its original state after being subjected to external shocks. A stable ecosystem can maintain its relative invariance in structure and function, and can quickly recover even after temporary disturbances. Stability is related to the immunity, but it is not the same because the ecosystem immunity includes the ability to maintain function and structure in the face of interference, while stability emphasizes the resilience of ecosystems. The vulnerability and stability of ecosystems are influenced by various factors, including species diversity, ecosystem structure, environmental conditions, natural disturbances, and human disturbances. Species diversity typically enhances the ecosystem immunity, as diversity can provide backup functions and niches, increasing the resilience of ecosystems (Geng et al., 2019). In addition, the complexity and stability of ecosystem structures are closely related, as complex ecological networks can disperse stress and maintain functionality. However, interference factors introduced by human activities, such as land development, pollution, and climate change, may increase the vulnerability of ecosystems and reduce their immunity.
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